Intermarriage †opposition Essay

Marshall Sklare was able to articulate the fears of many older Jews and he wrote: Intermarriage (and its sociodemographic consequences) can no longer be treated as marginal when it is the result of a deep-rooted sociopolitical ideology and value structure and a function of lifestyle, residential pattern and educational and occupational structure †¦ The intermarriage issue has become central to the internal struggles of American Jewry (1982, p. 37). Aside from the fact that the older generation seemed to be in a perpetual survival mode of existence, keeping to themselves to continue Jewish values and traditions, there is a deeper reason why many are opposed to the idea of exogamy. Steven Bayme explains that the rise of intermarriage is a threat because it can only mean the, â€Å"†¦ decline of Jewish commitment, a weakness in Jewish identity, a failure of Jewish education and the Jewish family to bring about the commitment to Jewish continuity†¦ † (2002, p. 226). If this is true then it will just reveal the error of their ways. This is because suppressing the symptoms will not make the sickness go away. If the symptom for impiety and the shortcomings of a flawed educational system is the high rate of intermarriage then opposing exogamy will not change the fact that there is problem with Judaism. Traditionalists made their opinions known; that they do not agree to intermarriages but this seems to be an idea suited for past generations who cannot see the possibility of compromise in the land of the heathen. A popular 1950s joke regarding this matter was an accurate depiction of how parents felt about their children marrying non-Jews. The following dialog is between a young Jewish soldier coming home from the Korean War and his mother. Before the young man left Korea he calls his mother to inform her about the good news (Shapiro, year, p. 233). Son: I have survived the war without being wounded. Mother: That is good. Son: I am bringing home a Korean wife Mother: That is also good. Son: We don’t have a place to live. Mother: That’s okay. You can stay in my apartment. Son: But you live in a one-bedroom apartment. Mother: That’s no problem. After I put the phone down I am going to jump out of the window, and you will have the entire apartment to yourself. According to Bayme, when it dawned upon the Jewish community that intermarriage is snowballing into something that can overwhelm them, the reaction was radical and aimed at the jugular to forcibly stop the perceived madness and he adds: When the first news of the growth of intermarriage occurred, communal leaders responded with agony and handwriting. Virtually all Jewish organizations passed resolutions and statements signaling opposition to intermarriage. Conferences were held about what we can do in the face of this tidal wave (2002, p. 226). Calvin Goldsheider pointed out that even as late as the 20th century the reaction was fairly dramatic. Opposition to the marriage was made plain by, â€Å"†¦ Jewish mourning rituals of sitting shiva or reciting kaddish†¦ † (2004, p. 29). It must have been a disconcerting sight for a son to see his parents lamenting his decision to take a bride not from his people. Rising Tide But it seems that no matter what type of measures was put in place to discourage interfaith marriages; more and more Jews chose to be joined with a non-Jew. It is therefore understandable that others may conclude rebellion to the norms and traditions of Judaism as the number one culprit. But more and more studies claim the contrary. In fact Shapiro remarked the traditional scape goat for the high rate of intermarriage no longer applies. Marshall Sklare, a noted sociologist on American Jewry, warned that, â€Å"†¦ attributing intermarriage among Jews to self-hatred, cowardice in the face of anti-Semitism, or social climbing misread its etiology †¦ because marriages with Gentiles increased while anti-Semitism was dwindling and many of the social traditional status distinctions were being swept away† (as qtd. in Shapiro, 1992, p. 235). Bayme supports the finding of Shapiro and Sklare and was very practical in his approach for he said that differences in religion are not a significant consideration to young couples of today. Bayme also added that American society values romantic love more than it values differences in religious beliefs. And to top all that Jews are contending with an unexpected external force, â€Å"†¦ 87 percent of Americans welcome marriage to a Jew†¦ † a rather surprising revelation considering what the Jews had to endure for centuries (2002, 226). Now if the reasons for the rising rate of interfaith marriages can be explained in terms of love, openness, acceptance and the realization that every human being is created equal in the sight of God then what kind of community will dare go against universally accepted principles? More so, what kind of community will have the resolve to continually fight for exogamy in the face of a â€Å"love† assault? Surely, only a few can resist the advances of a determined lover and that may well be the number one reason why this crisis – at least in the eyes of Jewish elders – could not be contained. Resolution Marshall Sklare minced no words in asserting that there are only two definitive actions that can be used to settle the issue: 1. Change the social structure and value orientation of the American Jewish community; or 2.accommodate and accept the intermarried (1982, p. 37). Since option no. 1 is clearly unacceptable then the Jewish people are only left with one choice and it is to go out and welcome the non-Jew spouse into Jewish life. This is a view espoused by Calvin Goldscheider who believes that it is a blessing in disguise and contrary to antiquated and popular opinion the high rate of intermarriage will ensure the survival of the Jewish race both in numbers and in cultural distinctiveness. A seemingly incompatible set of ideas considering the nature of Jewish life. Goldscheider summarizes his argument into the following statements: The key indicators of an ethnic community’s strength, however, are not who marries whom, but the activities that their grandchildren engage in. A group’s continuity depends on the ethnic and religious commitments of the family. Focusing on families and the ethnic commitments of the young redirects questions about assimilation away from biology and marriage and toward economic activities, cultural obligations and how parents pass on traditions to their children. In this regard, the American Jewish community is surviving, maybe even thriving† (2003, p. 282). Goldscheider arrived at the aforementioned conclusion as a consequence of the following research findings: ? The decline of the American Jewish community is a product of exaggeration and sensationalization of the facts; ? Interfaith marriages were assumed to result in complete and immediate conversion of the Jewish partner into non-Jewish religion, practices, and customs;? the terms used to define modern day Jews were biased towards the already assumed conclusion that there is a significant decline in their numbers; ? The numbers did not add up considering that there is a significant number of non-Jewish spouses who convert to Judaism, or informally integrate into the community and follow Jewish customs and traditions; and ? previous studies did not account the fact that in many intermarriages the intermarried couples decided that their children will grow up as Jews or at least encourage them to practice Jewish customs and traditions.

Fall of Troy Essay

Pride and self confidence are values often times convey in stories and books that chronicle tales about Greek Mythology. With the Gods and goddesses favoring a certain person and taking sides, mortals oftentimes grew more complacent and over confident about their own selves.   As the Greek word Hubris implies it is an exaggerated act and display of self confidence that many times it leads to downfall of actions taken. Decisions are blinded and corrupted by the display of over confidence, thus details of courses are taken for granted. The events that transpired in Homer’s Iliad exemplify a person and a group of persons act of hubris.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Iliad is divided into different sections. It is composed of twenty four different books, which narrate Achilles story and The Trojan War. Each story depicts how hubris plays an important role that leads to the result of the war and the downfall of a mighty city. It also narrates how disputes are born through hubris. The Trojan War was believed to be the greatest conflict in Greek History. The origin of the war was believed to have started, long before Achilles was born. It roots its origin in the conflict with the golden apple that happens among the three most powerful goddesses, Athena, Aphrodite and Hera. The event leads to Paris, a Trojan Prince running away with Helen, wife of Menelaus. Book I of Iliad, The Quarrel by the Ships verse 10 showcases a display of Agamemnon, King of Mycenae and brother of Menelaus, exceeding self confidence. â€Å"Old man, don’t let me catch you by our hollow ships, sneaking back here today or later on. Who cares about Apollo’s scarf and staff? I’ll not release the girl to you, no, not before she’s grown old with me in Argos, far from home,  working the loom, sharing my bed. Go away.  If you want to get home safely, don’t anger me.† (Homer The Quarrel by the Ships: Book 1 of the Iliad). Agamemnon’s pride and boastful antics were very evident that he even defies Apollo’s power. He has this belief that, since he is a very worthy ruler, he deserved all the great things as rewards. Also, we can see Agamemnon’s proud image on the same book verse 110 to 120: â€Å"Prophet of evil,  when have you ever said good things to me? You love to predict the worst, always the worst! You never show good news.  Ã‚  Now, in prophecy to the Danaans,  you say archer Apollo brings us pain because I was unwilling to accept fine ransom for Chryses’ daughter, Chryseis. But I have a great desire to take her home in fact want her more than Clytaemnestra,  the wife I married Chryseis is just as good  Ã‚   in her shape, physique, intelligence, or work. Still, I’m prepared to give her back, if that’s best. I want the people safe, not all killed off. But then you’ll owe me another prize. I won’t be the only Argive left  without a gift.  That would be entirely unfair to me. You all can see my spoils are going elsewhere.† (Homer The Quarrel by the Ships: Book 1 of the Iliad). He refused to set free the priest’s daughter and would only do so if a replacement would take her place. Agamemnon believed that what the oracle had foreseen is wrong and his decision could only be moved if the condition he had set is satisfied. What he wants, he should get. It also shows that Agamemnon did not want others to make fun of him if he would loose his concubine without a replacement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     To avoid the looming war a truce was agreed upon that Paris and Menelaus should fight and whoever won would have Helen as his wife. Paris lost but could not accept his defeat. His words to Helen from Book III Paris, Menelaus and Helen verse 440 were some kind of excuse for his failure. â€Å"Wife, don’t mock my courage with your insults. Yes, Menelaus has just defeated me, but with Athena’s help. Next time I’ll beat him for we have gods on our side, too.†(Homer â€Å"Paris, Menelaus, and Helen: Book 3 of the Iliad†)   He could have easily accepted the defeat and handed out Helen to Menelaus. But, he too was too proud to accept the defeat. Menelaus has clearly won their match but he could not bear loosing Helen, especially because of his own fault. Paris could have died right away if not for Aphrodite lending him the much needed help. Paris Hubris was in display.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The war then has become inevitable as Aphrodite persuaded Pandarus in breaking the Trojans oath. â€Å"Fiery hearted son of Lycaon, why not do as I suggest? Prepare yourself to shoot a swift arrow at Menelaus. You’d earn thanks and glory from all Trojans, most of all from Prince Alexander. He’d be the every first to bring fine gifts, if he could see warlike Menelaus, son of Atreus, mounted on his bier, his bitter funeral pyre, killed by your arrow.† (Homer The Armies Clash: Book Four of the Iliad).   Pandarus shoots Menelaus. His arrogant attitude and greed for fame and appreciation broke the treaty. Believing that he would gain glory by killing Menelaus, he fired his arrow. Pandarus was hungry for the honor he would get if eventually he can kill Menelaus. It would be of great pride of him to be recognized in that way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The war has erupted, and many Trojan and Achaeans have died. Diomemedes, guided by Athena, have been pushing the Trojan Army back with his superb fighting skill. But as he pushes forward he was hit by Lycaon’s son. â€Å"Come on, you brave horse-lashing Trojans, for the finest of Achaeans has been hurt.  Ã‚  I don’t think he’ll long survive my arrow’s force.† (Homer â€Å"Diomedes Goes to Battle: Book V of the Iliad†). Lycaon’s son was bragging and shouting that he has killed Diomedes. For him, the best warrior has been killed so it would all be easy to take on the remaining enemy. He thinks of himself so highly and mighty. Little that he knows that Diomedes was alive and his boastful act only infuriates the fighting spirit of Diomedes. He was furious and attacked the Trojans more violently. So angry was Diomedes that he even tried killing Aphrodite. â€Å"Diomedes with his ruthless bronze had gone to run down Aphrodite, knowing she was not a god who could do much in battle not one of those who control men’s wars.  She was no Athena,  no goddess Strife, who destroys whole cities.† (Homer â€Å"Diomedes Goes to Battle: Book V of the Iliad†). It was a display of hubris, as a mortal man attacked a goddess. Mortal men should respect Gods and recognized the vast difference between their abilities. Diomedes is powerful but he should know the limit of being human as Apollo stated from Book five verse 440 â€Å"Take care son of Tydeus. Go back. Don’t think you’re equal to the gods. The race of men who  walk upon the ground can never match the race of deathless gods.† (Homer â€Å"Diomedes Goes to Battle: Book V of the Iliad†).  Ã‚  The God’s pride was injured, and Diomedes actions angered the Gods and resulted to more bloodshed. From verse 330 of book six, it would be obvious that Hector was feeling low. â€Å"Paris, you’re a worthless man. It’s quite wrong of you to nurse that anger in your heart, while men are being destroyed, fighting around the city its steep walls. It’s because of you the sounds of warfare catch fire around our city  you would fight  Ã‚  Ã‚  any man you saw avoiding battle fleeing war’s brutality.† (Homer â€Å"Hector and Andromache: Book 6 of the Iliad†).   This statement from Hector, commander in chief of Troy, shows how he has been hurt by the actions done by Paris. For him, branding his brother is a great insult. He knew he was fated to die in that war. Still, he chooses to fight for his people. Fully aware that it was his brother actions that shape the war, still, he together with their allies was duty bound in defending Troy. The Trojans are too proud especially Hector, the heir to the throne, to admit that Paris was wrong. They were too high and almighty to believe that a fellow Trojan would commit such misconduct. Hubris is again in display that blinded their actions. They could have easily handed out Helen when the Greeks asked for Helen’s return. Hector’s disappointment with Paris is again revealed to the following statement â€Å"Brother, no one could justly criticize your work in battle, for you fight bravely. But you deliberately hold back and do not wish to fight.  It pains my heart, when I hear shameful things about you from Trojans, who are suffering much distress because of you.†Ã‚  (Homer â€Å"Hector and Andromache: Book 6 of the Iliad†). He just could not stand what his fellow Trojans would tell about his brother.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Achilles on the other hand resolved to retire from fighting. His retirement from battle also showed sign of hubris. In a display of his â€Å"exaggerated pride†, which was revealing in verse 70 of Book 16, Achilles would not return to battle even if his comrades are slowly being killed and wounded. â€Å"Dreadful pain came in my heart and spirit when that man wished to cheat someone his equal and steal away that prize,  and just because he’s got more power. That really hurt, given that I’ve suffered  in this war so many pains here in my chest. Achaea’s sons chose that girl as my prize. I won her with my spear, once I’d destroyed her strong-walled city. Lord Agamemnon took her back, out of my hands, as if were some stranger without honor.† (Homer Patroclus Fights and Dies:Book 16 of the Iliad). His lost of drive for fighting happens when Agamemnon took Achilles concubine in replaced of the priest’s daughter who was set free. Achilles pride was hurt so he left the line of battle. He was one of the Greek’s mighty warriors and he believed that even Agamemnon should recognize that. Although, Agamemnon promised gold and the return of his concubine, to bring Achilles back to the lines of battle, Achilles injured pride was not persuaded. Instead he allowed his companion Patroclus to use his armor and fight in his place. He was proud enough not to work under the command of Agamemnon, who he believed is not a worthy commander in chief. His pride would not allow him to join the fighting, and his hubris had caused him the life of his friend.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Achilles returns to actions, from verse 20 of Book 19, was filled with power;   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Mother, this armor the god has given me is a work fit for the immortals, something no living human could create† (Homer Achilles and Agamemnon :Book 19 of the Iliad). Upon hearing this Achilles was filled with fearless power. With Thetis by his side, he led his army. The overwhelming confidence brought by the armor and the rage he was feeling, was proof of his anxiousness to return fighting. â€Å"Though you’re e a brave man, godlike Achilles, don’t encourage Achaea’s sons to fight against the Trojan on empty stomachs. If so, the fight won’t last for long if troops engage right now, once some god in fuses strength in to both sides.  No.  Instruct Achaeans to have some food and wine by their swift ships for they give strength and courage.  No soldier can fight the enemy all day till sunset without some food.† (Homer Achilles and Agamemnon :Book 19 of the Iliad). This was a major display of hubris of Achilless, promising he will not waiver, rest and eat until he has avenged the death of his friend. The Death of Patroclus forced Achilles to return to the battlefield. He was enveloped of the idea of revenge. He was so angry that he even attacked Apollo, from verse 10 of Book 22. â€Å"Son of Peleus, why are you, a mere human, running so hard in an attempt to catch me,  an immortal god?  You’re still ignorant it seems, of the fact that I’m a god. You keep coming at me with such anger.† (Homer â€Å"The Death of Hector:   Book 22 of the Iliad†). Achilles was so enraged that he was fighting fiercely even in the face of God. He blames himself for the death of his friend. He was too weak to bear the his pride. The fall of Troy was destined to happen. With the consent from the Gods, Troy was fated to fall. However, hubris played an important role to its downfall. From the moment, the Trojan War broke out it was the hubris not only by my mortals but by Gods, which made the events more chaotic. With the Gods by taking up sides to show their power the outcome of the war and the course of history itself, was shaped and reshaped. Treaties could have been signed and bloodshed could have been avoided if not because of the over exaggerated pride and confidence every man possess. When the Trojans celebrated their apparent victory, it leads to their downfall. They have underestimated their foe. They taught that the Gods had ruled in their favor, when the horse was found. They also believed that the time a sea monster ate those who opposed the entry of the horse to the city was a sign from the Gods. They grew more complacent and failed to act and think rationally. They deduced that in fact they are greater warriors and men compared to the Greeks. They admired themselves too well. The admiration was overwhelming that they failed to size up their opponents that eventually it leads to a tragic end. The belief that the City could not be conquered made a difference. Necessary precautions were not done. (Homer The Iliad) Homer. Achilles and Agamemnon :Book 19 of the Iliad. 800 B. C. E. —. The Armies Clash: Book Four of the Iliad. 800 B. C. E. —. â€Å"The Death of Hector:   Book 22 of the Iliad.†Ã‚   (800 B. C. E). —. â€Å"Diomedes Goes to Battle: Book V of the Iliad.†Ã‚   (800 B. C. E). —. â€Å"Hector and Andromache: Book 6 of the Iliad.†Ã‚   (800 B. C. E). —. The Iliad. 800 B.C.E. —. â€Å"Paris, Menelaus, and Helen: Book 3 of the Iliad.†Ã‚   (800 B. C. E). —. Patroclus Fights and Dies:Book 16 of the Iliad. 800 B. C. E. —. The Quarrel by the Ships: Book 1 of the Iliad. 800 B. C. E.

Brand Media Strategy for Integrated munications Planning

Integrated marketing munication is important for irrespective of the kinds of panies such as small sized panies and the multinational panies. However, the mode of munication differs in some regards. This is because of the fact that every promotional mode does require high-end investments, which is not feasible to every organization. Another point is that different panies have different levels for the same promotional mode, which is mainly because of their global presence that pels them to approach the market differently. Irrespective of the kinds of the munication campaigns, all the panies have some similarities, which is the usability of some mon campaigning mediums such as traditional and non-traditional modes (Ang 2014). The chosen product for this assignment is â€Å"Samsung Galaxy S6†, which is set to be presented in this assignment as a product for undergoing the market munication planning. The reason to choose Samsung Galaxy S6 is the dominance of the previous offering of the same series. However, the overwhelming success, which the Samsung pany had ever fetched with the Galaxy S3, was never repeated. Some of the recent offerings of the series felt miserably in petition from some other petitors such as Sony and HTC. The recent offerings of the same series such as S4 and S5 could not sustain the same performance as done by the S3. This is because of the fact it b es important that the pany does overwhelming promotion of the product, so that, it catches the minds of users (Belch et al. 2014). The main purpose of this assignment is to analyze the existing market situation of galaxy S6. Moreover, this assignment is set to provide some effective medium of promotions to help the brand dominating and recapturing the minds of customers even more than before. After the launch of the product, it has already steered the market with a sheer selling of approximately around 55 millions of unit’s sales. During the first three month of the launch of the product, it has already boosted the market share of the pany; however, it is finding stiff petition from some other petitors such as Iphone6 and HTC. Samsung is facing a direct petition from the Apple’s Iphone6 in respect to the cost of the product. The pany has always performed exceptionally well on paper when it es to the power packed inbuilt features. However, it fell short of every Apple’s product of the same generation when it es to the overall performance of the product. This is one such reason, which has kept Samsung engaged for producing something bigger than before and outplays its biggest rival Apple’s Iphone. The parative study of Galaxy S6 does very well indicate towards a fact that the irrespective of the kinds of offerings of the product is unmatchable fr om other. However, rest depends on the actual market responses and the customer’s feedbacks. The market petition is fierce because of the fact that both the Samsung and Iphone do brig their flagship handsets every year on a regular basis. However, this is also an undeniable fact that the market share of Samsung Smartphones has witnessed a dip of 57% whereas Apple has witnessed a rise of approximately around 40% (Inquirer, 6, Latest, & read, 2017). The main objective behind integrated market munication is to grab a maximum awareness of customers. Moreover, these marketing munication modes have now b e widely used tools for the irrespective kinds of panies. Nevertheless, the quality of integrated marketing munication does produce a resonant effect on the market. This is done by means of several promotional modes, which are highly important for generating the spaces in the market. Nevertheless, the main objective behind the integrated marketing munication tool is to capitalize a pre-release dominance on the market and cash on the hyped curiosity. This is very effective in making huge unit sales in the initial few days after the venturing of the product (Blakeman 2014). Another objective behind the integrated munications modes is the enhancement of brand appeal, which helps in generating enough buzz in the market. This helps the brand in providing a stiff petition to the other petitors in the market. Samsung has the same objective with the Galaxy S6 as they want to capitalise the minds of consumers to give its product enough of spaces to fill this gap with some gigantic unit sales. The planning for the integrated marketing munication would be to pronounce the effect of the product by giving it some modification to receive the attention and support the brand with some good sales (Boone and Kurtz 2013). At present, the product is lagging behind to its biggest rival Iphone6 and Samsung is finding no solution to outclass the presence of Iphone in the market. This is indeed very difficult to re-establish the buzz among the customers about an existing product but this is how integrated marketing munication works. Integrated marketing munication is a good weapon for panies before the launch of the product; however, it continues to provide beneficial ou es to its inhibitors. The execution of integrated marketing munication is to support the launched product with some innovative ideas to support its growth before the ultimate fall in graph happens. Following are two most important objectives behind an Integrated Marketing munications (Lin 2012): The best way to conduct the planning of the integrated marketing munication would be to use the Percentage of Sales method, which is widely used across most of the big multinational panies. This method includes the usage of the percentage of the past sales, which is the generated revenue. However, it is entirely up to the pany that how they plan for the usage of percentage. They can take percentage from the profit generated by some other products or they can also take percentage of the past sales of the same product. Following are some of the considerations, which managers can make before making decisions on ways to take percentage from the generated past sales (Percy 2014): Following are some of the examples, which show the advantages of using the Percentage of Sales method for planning the budget for the integrated marketing munication (Rogala and Kaniewska-S?ba 2013): However, the method has some disadvantages as well, which are as follows (Schultz, Patti and Kitchen 2013): The chosen mode for the integrated marketing munication is the Advertising and the Public Relations. However, it is very important to appropriately allocate the budgeting to the different kinds of integrated marketing munication modes. The chosen method for the integrated marketing munication is the Percentage of Sales Method, which makes this important for the planning team that they allocate minimal budget to the advertisements. This is because of the fact that the proposed method for the integrated marketing munication is best productive with the lower expenditures on the advertisements costs. The advertisement itself contains several of domains, which needs the allocation of budget but to a minimal degree. The advertisement may include but not limited to the factors mentioned such as printing, direct mailing, broadcasting and outdoor expenses. The budget may include several factors such as media costs, ads creation costs and conducting research to evaluate the success of the plan ning. Some of the panies do often pay approximately 15% of the costs involved in the purchasing of media to the advertising agency; however, some pay a set free. Nevertheless, some might also plan the advertising internally by hiring some copywriters and graphic designers on a contractual basis. They can efficiently handle the advertisement works. Hiring graphic designers and copywriters on a contractual basis looks very preferable choices for the chosen method, as the chosen method does not allow any higher expenditure on the advertisements (Shimp and Andrews 2012). Allocation of budgeting in PR involves the expenditures on all the necessary ponents of the PR activities. It includes the relationship making with the member of media through different functionalities such as press releases, free samples and media days. Some PR may also include the running of promotion such as conduction of a cause-marketing campaign. Some other effective ways to generate PR is to donate some funding of the pany to some of the non-profit organizations in the name of charity works and sponsoring for different kinds of sports (Thorson and Moore 2013). To develop an integrated marketing munication for Samsung Galaxy S6, it is required to follow some necessary steps that are widely important for the program. Following are some of the steps; which can be used to develop the integrated marketing munications for Galaxy S6: There are different modes of marketing munications available; however, it is necessary to identify the best possible and feasible modes of marketing munications. Different kinds of marketing munications are such as advertising, social media and sales promotions. However, in the development of marketing munication for the galaxy S6, it is best feasible to stick to the two most widely used and effective tools such as advertising and PR for the marketing munication. The advertising mode is selected as it consumes less expenditures and best feasible to the Percentage Sales method of Budgeting. The advertising mode of munication is controllable and can be reduced to lower expenditures on hiring some copywriters and graphic designers on a contractual basis.  Ã‚   PR is another very important aspect in developing the marketing munication strategies for a product. This is nothing but a close interaction with the media personals. This is one of the easiest ways to interact with media and mu nicated indirectly to the targeted customers. This is also useful in promoting products in media shows, which is very useful for highlighting the newly added features in the existing product. This helps increase the curiosity level in customers to some extents as they are being promised to get more out of the box (Yeshin 2012). The development of advertising can be done by hiring some copywriters and graphic designers on a contractual basis. They are cost-effective, which is important, as the chosen method is Percentage of Sales method. Some of the panies do spend a lot of amount on the expenditures; however, to Samsung Galaxy S6, it is best suited to stick to the hiring of required personal. This is cost-effective as well as deeply controlled approach, which provides firm support to the development management team. The development of PR can be done by making some investments on scheduling some interactions with media personals. However, the interactions should be monitored at regular intervals to check the profitability of the implemented program. This is enormously important as the measurement saves from over budgeting and unnecessary expenditures (Percy 2014). This is very important as the campaigning of different programs and relevant expenditures would be only helpful if these stunts are relevant to the customer’s needs. This is also necessary in saving the over budgeting. The different kinds of integrated marketing munications do only provide some ways to interact with customers, it never guarantees of success, which entirely depend on the customer’s perceptions. This is why it is very important to know the requirements of customers to best utilize the different kinds of munication modes. For example, if customers are wanting something on the display part of the screen and the pany unanimously came to a conclusion without having any thorough research on the problem and presented some other new addition to the existing offerings. This would simply be wastage of money and constraints on the management team. The development program would also be affected. It would be a total loss of budgeting, physical labours and time (Lin 2 012). The implementation of the chosen modes of campaigning should be done in accordance to the actual requirement of the customers. The advertisement in particular needs to be attractive and full of useful messages conveying the flow of changes in the existing offerings. This is very important in saving the campaigning from any kinds of failure. The PR related activities does not need any charming presentation, as quality is more important than just the words. The interaction with the media personals would be to show the highly incremented gratitude to their requirements and the counter actions from the pany. The message needs to be clearly delivered at the time of interaction with the media personals (Percy 2014). The evaluation and monitoring of the proposed marketing munications is very important to help pany save from unnecessary expenditures and over budgeting. This is because of the fact that a continuous evaluation is mandate to bring the maximum profitability to the selected product by implementing chosen IMC. Following are some of the ways, which are extremely helpful in evaluating the ou e of the implemented IMC program (Young 2014): KPIs are extensively useful in measuring the ou e of the proposed campaigning for the enhancement of existing sales of the Galaxy S6. The evaluation can be made by measuring the success of both the program on a scoring scale to check the level of success such as customer feedbacks with numbers of positives or negatives responses and the publishing media news, which help check the reflection of campaign on the media personals Return on investments is another method to check the profitability of the campaigning as it is a long term evaluation method, which would give results only when the units sales of the product are increased The first point of r mendation is related to the pricing of the galaxy S6, which is very much manageable than incepting some new features in the product. This is probably has b e a popular trend among the different Smartphone panies. This help grab and turn the attention of customers into their favour. A high number of populations living in the world do prefer a reasonable pricing tagged to the top-end offerings. Samsung has also mitted the same thing but their price reduction is not that much low, which could pete with some other brands such as Lenovo. However, the highlighted problem was related to the severe petition with the Iphone6, which means that a price reduction would certainly influence and change the perceptions of a group of customers that has less priority to high-end pricing. However, it would not help pany in winning the hearts of premium customers, as they have more concerns for quality product and less regards to the pricing. Indeed, the quality of Galaxy S6 is not poor but it is not as good as Iphone6. Integrated marketing munication is helpful in making some useful revenues; however, it is only an alternate solution, which could enhance the profitability of a venture to some extent. Organizations need not depend entirely on the integrated marketing munication campaigning as the quality of the product matters the most. However, the importance of marketing munications can never be ignored as it adds some important values to the credibility of the products. Ang, L., 2014.  Principles of integrated marketing munications. Cambridge University Press. Belch, G.E., Belch, M.A., Kerr, G.F. and Powell, I., 2014.  Advertising: An integrated marketing munication perspective. McGraw-Hill Education. Blakeman, R., 2014.  Integrated marketing munication: creative strategy from idea to implementation. Rowman & Littlefield. Boone, L.E. and Kurtz, D.L., 2013.  Contemporary marketing. Cengage learning. Inquirer, T., 6, S., Latest, I., & read, M. 2017. Samsung sheds market share as the Galaxy S6 fails to challenge Apple's iPhone 6 | TheINQUIRER. https://www.theinquirer.net. Retrieved 1 May 2017, from https://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2422775/samsung-sheds-market-share-as-galaxy-s6-fails-to-challenge-the-iphone-6 Lin, T.L., 2012. The Sparks When Integrated Marketing munications Meets Word-of-Mouth Marketing and Experience Marketing.  New York Science Journal,  5(5), pp.70-85. Percy, L., 2014.  Strategic integrated marketing munications. Routledge. Rogala, A. and Kaniewska-S?ba, A., 2013. Internal munication as a marketing munications tool. In  13th International Marketing Trends Conference, pod red. Franà §oise CONCHON-Pary?: ESCP-AEP European School of Management. Schultz, D., Patti, C.H. and Kitchen, P.J., 2013.  The evolution of integrated marketing munications: The customer-driven marketplace. Routledge. Shimp, T.A. and Andrews, J.C., 2012.  Advertising promotion and other aspects of integrated marketing munications. Cengage Learning. Thorson, E. and Moore, J., 2013.  Integrated munication: Synergy of persuasive voices. Psychology Press. Yeshin, T., 2012.  Integrated marketing munications. Routledge. Young, A., 2014.  Brand media strategy: integrated munications planning in the digital era. Springer. With a decade's experience in providing essay help,

Synopsis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Synopsis - Assignment Example As Browning demonstrated, well over eighty percent of the battalion’s men neither protested nor objected. They obeyed their orders and committed atrocities on a scale hitherto unimaginable. So cliche is the phrase â€Å"it’s a dirty job, but someone has to do it† that it goes unnoticed, yet this was the attitude of reserve police battalion 101. â€Å"Ordinary men† just doing their jobs†¦ â€Å"With a conservative estimate of 6,500 Jews shot during earlier actions like those at J6zef6w and Lomazy and 1,000 shot during the "Jew hunts," and a minimum estimate of 30,500 Jews shot at Majdanek and Poniatowa, the battalion had participated in the direct shooting deaths of at least 38,000 Jews1.† Over and over again the book provides detail after detail of the depth to which the men sunk, â€Å"just doing their jobs† in the parlance of modern life. â€Å"Ordinary Men† seeks to answer the question of why these men would allow themselves to be ordered to commit such atrocities, and willingly comply. The experiments of Milgram were discussed. The effects of brainwashing were discussed. Various theories were examined and discussed in a hopeless desire to find some rational to explain the actions of reserve police battalion 101. There was none to be had.

Florida history Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Florida history - Research Paper Example During the early 1860s’ Civil War, Florida became the third state to sever ties with the Union. This paper examines the history of Florida ending 1877. The colonial conflicts witnessed during the Spanish rule kept the population of Florida’s native communities at bare minimum (Wilkinson 1). Groups of Seminole Indians inhabited urban centers along the Suwannee River and in what is currently known as Alachua County. The native Seminoles reared farm animals, which they depended upon as sources of food and transport (Clavin 792). The communities were also keen on trading them with the foreign settlers. The development of the United States of America into a more modern society also shaped social, political and economic activities in the state. Many Americans thought occupying land in the Spanish Florida was profitable or fashionable. In addition, runaway slaves maintained a steady inflow into the region. St. Augustine’s finest team of warriors was comprised of a 50-member unit of non-whites who had escaped servitude. At the same time, servitude became the order of the day in Florida as British, French, Cuban and local American settlers established large farms for rice and cotton farming (Wilkinson 1). Like settlers in other American states, Florida’s settlers used the slaves as laborers in the plantations. There were limited periods of tranquility, however. In 1810, a popular rebellion against colonial Spanish began in West Florida. Two years later, American soldiers were in control of sections of East and West Florida during the First Seminoles War. In 1817 and 1818, Union troops again advanced across the border to reign over the native Seminoles (Dyer 283). A year later, Spain agreed to transfer the two Florida regions under their control to the United States. The agreement was finalized in 1821. Under American control, the East and West Florida were united to form one American zone, which became the modern

Nationalization of oil industry in Argentina Essay

Nationalization of oil industry in Argentina - Essay Example On the other hand, Argentina believes that they have enough authorities and freedom to formulate policies which are necessary to safeguard the interests of the country. This paper critically analyses the decision to nationalize oil companies in Argentina. Table of Contents Oil & Gas Report Argentina.Q1 2013. (2012). Business Monitor International. November 2012. p.1-93. 11 Romero, S. and Minder, R. (2012). Argentina to seize control of Oil Company. The New York Times. April 16, 2012. 11 Sprinkle, T. (2013). For Argentina’s Nationalized Oil ‘Industry’: A Year of Nothing Retrieved from http://finance.yahoo.com/blogs/the-exchange/argentina-nationalized-oil-industry-nothing-232525794.html 11 Introduction â€Å"Exactly a year ago, Argentina President Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner announced to the world the expropriation of 51% of Argentine oil company YPF from Spain's Repsol† (Sprinkle, 2013). The declaration of President Cristina was totally unexpected and too k by surprise by many countries. In fact, Spain was shocked by this announcement because of the problems this decision might cause to Spanish economy. It should be noted that Spanish company Repsol is the 15th largest petroleum refining company in the world according to the recent statistics. Moreover, the growth of Repsol is contributing heavily to Spanish economy. Therefore Cristina’s decision has the potential to affect Spanish economic growth in one way or another. Spanish ministers have already warned Argentina about the possibility of a diplomatic and industrial war with Argentina. Before the arrival of Argentina’s decision, the common belief in Latin America was such that countries in this region can develop properly only with the help of privatization and liberalization like policies. That is why Cristina’ decision caused plenty of surprises, not only in Argentina, but also in other countries in Latin America. Cristina is one of the most popular administ ers in Latin America. Moreover, she has taken this decision after a cabinet meeting. In other words, Argentina has taken this decision after a comprehensive debate. They know very much about the benefits and problems this decision might bring to Argentina. In a heavily globalized world, countries are contesting heavily to attract foreign direct investment as much as possible because of the awareness that internal resources alone may not help a country to develop properly. Even communist China does not have any problem in welcoming foreign companies. Moreover, majority of Argentina’s neighboring countries are engaged in activities to welcome foreign direct investments. Under these circumstances, Argentina’s decision surprised many countries, especially Spain. Nationalization of Oil Industry in Argentina It is necessary to know the size and characteristics of Argentinian oil industry before, discussing the merits and demerits of Cristina’s decision. The following table provides a rough idea about Argentina’s petroleum data from 2010-2016. (Oil & Gas Report Argentina.Q1 2013, 2012, p.8) From the above table, it is evident that Argentina’s proven oil reserves may remain unchanged, at least for another three years. At the same time, the total net petroleum exports started to decline from 2010 onwards.

Linguistics essay 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Linguistics 2 - Essay Example he basis for such concepts as ‘melting pot’ and ‘ethnocentricity’, where it was considered possible that all newcomers would blend into the existing society. Bennett (1993) believes that this does not work and that applying one’s own perspective is the source of ongoing conflict everywhere. Empathy, however, approaches communication from a point of ‘difference’ (Bennett 1998, p. 203), acknowledging that everyone is different from the other, from a multitude of angles and that only by acknowledging and valuing this difference, real communication can be achieved. In other words, empathy assumes the perspective of the other. Bennett (1998 p. 209) proposes 6 steps to achieving empathy, including acknowledging that there is difference, based on self-understanding, on temporarily suspending this self and allowing empathy with the other to take place. This can be achieved through what Bennett calls guided imagination an emphatic experience, re-establishing self once the period of empathy has finished. As you have made us aware, you are planning a strike in the near future, with the aim of obtaining an increase in wages. From our initial discussions, we now both are aware that we are different in our approaches to this problem. As you are now aware that the Chinese workers are not favour of this move and we are entering into this correspondence with the aim of arriving at a compromise acceptable to both parties. This may perhaps be more successful, if we understand the reasons for each other’s position. Therefore, we would first like to explain the motivation behind our move to forego higher wages. To begin with, we would like you to understand that, like you, most of the Chinese men working here have left everything behind to follow their dream of a better life for their families in California. While the railroads were being built, employment was good and we did well, but once they were finished, there was little chance that there would be further

Relationship between Soul and Body Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Relationship between Soul and Body - Assignment Example People comprehend that Buddha was very much inclined by the Upanishads and in peoples view the cause that Buddha went from self to meaninglessness was that the trend with the education of personality was. The spirit of Chariot The king suggested that Nagasena are all not the Skandhas put together. He went ahead and explained that nothing was to be found outside the five Skandhas that are known as the Nagasena (Jacobsen, Pg 56). He explained that the Nagesena is an empty sound and it is a falsehood that people believe that their respect has spoken. The king answered that the parts were not the chariot and not anything outside them was the chariot. What are the differences between minds and bodies which Descartes lines out? The actual difference of mind and body supported on their varied natures is the basis of the prominent mind-body trouble: how can these two matters with exceptionally dissimilar natures causally interrelate to provide growth to a human being able of having deliberat e bodily movements and sensations? Their worries occur from the assertion at the spirit of the actual difference disagreement that mind and body are exceptionally dissimilar or opposite things (Jacobsen, Pg 72). What problems does Philonous lead Hylas into concerning the way substance stands under or supports accidents? What does Hylas conclude? Philonous suggest that thing that causes accidents are a thing that people know very well. Their color, shape, and size are factors that are familiar to individuals. What is surprising is that these things cannot have meaning when they are alone, thus they cannot cause accidents. There must be a unifying factor for these things to have meaning thus cause accidents. Hylas concludes that without this a common factor, these items do not have meaning and they cannot cause accidents. What problems does Philonous point out about Hylas view of objects existing when no one perceives them? Philonous suggests that Hylas takes looks things as single ob jects that is why he has a problem in getting meaning of the main picture. He does not put things together for them to have meaning in order to get the correct idea (Jacobsen, Pg 76). For instance, he does not understand that accidents only occur when some factors are put together. There must be a unifying factor for these substances to be incorporated for an accident to occur. For Hume, an impression is some experience, like a sound, a color, a smell, pain or pleasure, etc. The idea of self describes the necessary traits that make one individual different from all others. There have been numerous methods to centralize these traits. The self is the thought of a combined being that is the basis of awareness (Jacobsen, Pg 85). Furthermore, this self is the means in charge of the opinions and events of a person to which they are credited. It is an essence, which therefore tolerates through time; consequently, the opinions and events at dissimilar instances may relate to the same person ality. How does Ryle think Descartes gave rise to the category mistake involving the mind?  

Image ethics, Image editing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Image ethics, Image editing - Research Paper Example The deception commonly occurs because of the increased idolization and desire for individuals to possess pictures of celebrities. Personal pictures of celebrities might be difficult to access, but the editing technology can be utilized to gain an image of a much adored celebrity. While this technology remains commonly utilized among many media, ethical questions continue to arise regarding the application of the technology. Despite the numerous prevailing ethical issues surrounding application of the technology, laws seeking to prevent the utilization of the technology continue to become continuously silenced. This continues to be contributed by the numerous advantages of the technology upon the industry. A comparison between the contributions of the technology upon photography and the existing negativity of the technology indicates the technology might not be eliminated. Introduction Image editing remains a technology that has been applied since the introduction of photography itsel f. ... This activity has become a pastime occupation for many individuals as it continues to gain popularity in the modern world. In fact, the practice, though unaccepted by the creators of Photoshop software, has almost become accepted as a modern form of visual art. Importance of image editing Image editing is performed for different reasons, which remain fundamentally focused on enhancing satisfaction to the owners of the image. Within the print media, editing of images is commonly performed as a method for improvement of image quality (Anders and Benson, 117). Some photos taken by journalists are taken within extremely difficult conditions and might be distorted. The need to present clear pictures necessitates utilization of editing to enhance the quality. Through editing, blurred images can be clarified to give them definite outlines, consequently improving image clarity (Lister, 75). The editing technology remains fundamental in making essential conversions of images to digital form s. This conversion has enabled quick and easy transferring of images between different locations, while retaining original image aspects and appearance. The digital era continues to bring numerous aspects of modern imagery through the utilization of technological methods in production of images. The application of image editing technology remains essential in ensuring easy acquisition of images as required. The technology has provided the press with a quick and fast method for transferring images from different locations (Anders and Benson, 145). Through image editing publication, costs become extremely reduced, while making publication quick. This has continuously enabled larger and quick circulation of periodic publications especially newspapers. The presence of editing software has

Strategic marketing and its operations in UK hotels and restaurants Dissertation

Strategic marketing and its operations in UK hotels and restaurants - Dissertation Example According to the research findings in any business or organization related to hospitality industry, the basic intent or desire of the management officials is to achieve desired goals and objectives. These goals and objectives can only be achieved when a company considers the needs and demands of the consumers, internal and external environments, and business opportunities while designing the business strategies. The hospitality industry includes all such businesses that provide accommodation services, tourism services, and food service to the people. Among all types of business strategies, marketing strategies hold key importance in the progress and development of the hospitality industry of a country. In order to attract and retain the customers through customer centric marketing strategies, a business faces many challenges. For this purpose, the business officials need to implement appropriate strategic marketing plans not only to overcome the marketing challenges but also to provi de tourism and food services to the customers in an appropriate manner. Strategic marketing improves productivity of a company. Productivity of a company depends on some critical factors, such as, customer satisfaction and employee retention. If we talk about hospitality industry, if the customers will be satisfied from the food and beverages provided by any specific restaurant, they will work as a source to attract more people towards the restaurant, which will ultimately increase the levels of productivity and profitability of the restaurant. ... pitality companies use to create effective plans that not only satisfy the customers’ needs and demands but also help the companies increase productivity and profitability. Almost all companies find strategic marketing planning a necessity (Samli 1998, p. 2). Strategic marketing improves productivity of a company. Productivity of a company depends on some critical factors, such as, customer satisfaction and employee retention. If we talk about hospitality industry, if the customers will be satisfied from the food and beverages provided by any specific restaurant, they will work as a source to attract more people towards the restaurant, which will ultimately increase the levels of productivity and profitability of the restaurant. It is a well-known fact that when a company makes a customer, it makes one customer, but when a company loses a customer, it loses a hundred customers. In case of hospitality and tourism industries, quality of foods and services is the main factor whic h attracts customers and improves customer satisfaction level for a company. So, a company should create and implement a marketing plan, which should not only reach target customer but also should increase customer satisfaction for the company. 3. Impact of Strategic Marketing in UK Hotels and Restaurants While talking about strategic marketing, we should also discuss the basic purpose of strategic marketing for the UK’s hotels and restaurants. So talking about the main purpose of strategic marketing, we can say that it helps hotels and restaurants improve their performance by attracting more customers and retaining old ones. In UK, hotel managers make use of effective marketing methods not only to reach new customers but also to make them realize their value and importance for the business.

Dona Perfecta Essay Example for Free

Dona Perfecta Essay Dona Perfecta, written by B. Perez Galdos, is a novel that explores the conflict between the new progressive movement and the old religious school of thought. This conflict takes place in the small Spanish village of Orbajosa. Narrow-minded Catholic zealots dominate Orbajosa. The most prominent of the zealots is Dona Perfecta. Dona is traditional catholic and strives to fight any opposition to her fixed beliefs. Pepe Rey, her nephew, presents the biggest challenge to Dona because he is an engineer who relies on scientific fact rather than religious faith. Dona feels as though Pepe is challenging her and the towns’ livelihood. This belief leads Dona to not only turn the town against Pepe, but also to have him killed. Dona’s Catholic belief system is only a facade to her evil nature. The town of Orbajosa is presented to be a small yet inviting town. Pepe is welcomed to the town warmly and happily. Dona is the first to greet Pepe when the narrator states, â€Å"the sincere expression of her affection, was receiving him at the gate itself in her loving arms† (23). Dona appears to be a very loving and hospitable character. She also surprises Pepe with her lengthy preparations to his room when the narrator states, â€Å"Pepe recognized in all the details of the room the diligent and loving hand of the woman† (24). Dona has proven that she is capable of being kind and loving towards those who pose no threat to her lifestyle. However, it is only when Pepe denounces religion that Dona feels threatened and begins to revel her evil nature. When Pepe and the town canon, Don Inocencio, meet, the men clash with their ideals. Both are intelligent and therefore, are stubborn. Pepe reveals to Don Inocencio that science is more valid than religion when he states, â€Å"Mysticism in religion, routine in science, mannerism in art, are failing, as the Pagan gods fell† (36). Pepe expresses his opinions about science and religion without any hesitation. Don Incencio and the towns’ people of Orbajosa feel that Pepe is resolutely against their beliefs. Increasing animosity is the result of Pepe’s progressive mind-set. Dona feels as though Pepe is a liability to the town’s way of life and the only way to get rid of the problem is to exterminate it completely. Dona is desperate to get rid of Pepe. She knows that Pepe poses the possibly to contaminate the towns ideals with his progressive philosophy. Dona decides that the town must turn against Pepe. Dona accuses Pepe of being disrespectful in the church when she states, â€Å"between thinking things and showing them in that irreverent manner, there is a distance which a man of good sense and good breeding should never cross† (56). Dona feels the need to make baseless accusations about Pepe in order to sway the public opinion against Pepe. Pepe himself recognizes the absurdity of Dona’s accusation when he states, â€Å"I have shown no contempt for any one, nor do I entertain the ideas which you attribute to me† (57). Pepe is troubled by the idea that his own aunt would accuse him of such trivial acts. Pepe knows that his progressive ideals are threatening to the town and are creating distrust between him and Orbajosa. Dona knows that the only way to truly get rid of Pepe is to kill him. Dona is consumed with the idea that the town of Orbajosa is transitioning from a traditional mindset to a progressive mindset. In reaction, Dona orders the killing of Pepe. She then lies about the killing saying that Pepe committed suicide when she states, â€Å"Pepe Rey at about twelve o’clock last night entered the garden of the house and shot himself in the right temple† (218). Dona manufactured this lie in order to cover up her evil action. Dona resorted to extreme and evil measures in order to preserve her way of thought. Her name Dona Perfecta is ironic in the sense that Dona is far from perfect because she is evil. The injustice that Dona commits revels not only the true hypocritical nature of Dona but also the hypocritical nature of Orbajosa as a whole. Dona Perfecta uses the conflict between Pepe and Dona to show the strong opposition the progressive movement faces. While Pepe was welcomed at first, he was soon ostracized and persecuted for his thoughts. The towns’ people of Orbajosa felt Pepe might threaten their way of life. Extreme measures were taken by Dona to put Pepe to rest. Perhaps Galdos intends the reader to see that while people may appear to be good, in reality, they are not what they seem.

Authentic materials as supplementary materials

Authentic materials as supplementary materials Plagiarism is a practice that involves the using of another persons intellectual output and presenting it as ones own. This includes the presentation of work that has been copied, in whole or part, from other sources (including other students work, published books or periodicals, or unpublished works or unauthorized collaboration with other persons), without due acknowledgement. A student found guilty of plagiarism will be subject to some or all of the following: Referral to Course Coordinator for: counseling; submission of further work; use of the services of Student Learning Unit; the placing of a record of the alleged infringement on the students file. Referral of the matter to the Head of School for: issuing of written warning; re-submission of work for assessment or the undertaking of another form of assessment such as an oral or unseen examination; allocation of a fail grade to part or all of the assessment; allocation a fail grade to the subject. Referral of the matter to the Dean for: suspension from the course; official disciplinary action by the University Disciplinary Committee Student Declaration I declare that this assignment is original and has not been submitted for assessment elsewhere. I declare that this assignment is my own work and does not involve plagiarism or collusion. I give my consent for the electronic version to be examined by relevant plagiarism software programs. I have made a photocopy or electronic copy of my assignment, which I can produce if the original is lost for any reason. Signed: ___________ ____________ Dated: / / How to submit Your assignment Students are required to submit their assignment to their lecturer. This should be done in class, but can be done via email or via the mail with prior agreement from the lecturer. Students should ensure they are aware of how and when to submit their assignment by checking with their lecturer before the due date. How to Collect Your Marked Assignment Your work should be collected from the lecturer in class or from the VU-HANU Program Coordinator in HCM City, Ms. Nguyen Thi Thanh Ha or in Hanoi, Ms. Nguyen Thai Ha. If work is not returned in class or prior to the end of semester please contact your lecturer or the program coordinator (Mr. Martyn Brogan ) More information about Plagiarism is available from the Faculty of Arts, Education and Human Development Student Information Website: http://www.vu.edu.au/Faculties_and_TAFE/Arts_Education_and_Human_Development/Current_Students/Undergraduates/Faculty_Student_Forms/indexdl_88408.aspx TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I Introduction Research questions CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW Text book 2.1.1 Textbook Description 2.1.2 Textbook Evaluation 2.2 Authentic materials for ESP course book 2.2.4. The role of reading materials 2.2.1. Definition of authentic materials 2.2.2. The role of authentic materials 2.2.3. Advantages of authentic materials 2.2.5. The criteria of selecting reading authentic materials 2.3. Applying authentic materials in extensive reading program 2.3.1. Applying authentic materials in extensive reading program 2.3.2. Post-reading activities 2.4. Motivations 2.4.1. Definition of motivation 2.4.2. Factors effecting motivation CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY 3.1 Kind of research 3.2 Participants 3.2.1 The researcher 3.2.2 Selection of the subject 3.3 Data collection instruments CHAPTER IV: RESULD AND DISCUSSION OF THE DATA 4.1 Comparison of experimental and control groups reading proficiency after the experiment 4.2 Comparison of economics reading proficiency in the pre-test and post- test 4.3 Comparison of economic reading proficiency between two classes 4.4 Subjects preference of the post reading activities 4.5 Attitude to the post reading activities 4.6 Discussion and implication CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION REFERENCES APPENDICES Appendix 1: The Pre-Test and Post-Test Appendix 2: Answer to the pre-test and post-test Appendix 3: The post program questionnaires Appendix 4: Result of the pretest and posttest ABSTRACT This research was carried out at faculty of economics at Luong The Vinh Univesity (LTV) to prove the assumption that authentic materials could enhance motivation of economic students in reading proficiency. Fifty 3rd year economics students at the faculty of economics at LTV University divided in to two groups serve as the subjects for this research. The target class uses the Market Leader- Pre- Intermediate as the course book with authentic materials as a supplement. The other class uses Market Leader- Pre- Intermediate as course book only. The research was conducted in the twelfth week of the syllabus with three teaching hours (of forty-five minutes each) per week. Authentic materials were the reading texts selected from different sources and were chosen by the researcher at the faculty of English and ensured of reliability. The same topics, similar types of exercise and teaching methods were designed by the researcher to evaluate proficiency levels of students in the 2 groups and to use them as evidence for the reliability of the assumption. The researcher uses pre-test, post-test and questionnaire as data collection instruments. Results from the experiment prove that the target grou p with authentic materials as supplementary materials to the course book was the group where student motivation in reading was significantly enhanced. The results of the research state that the role played by authentic materials in language classes, particularly in English for Specific Purpose (ESP) class was of great significance. Authentic supplementary reading materials are hoped to be used for the third- year students at economics faculty at LTV in the near future. With the result of this research, it is recommended that authentic materials should be used for English classes in general and third- year ESP classes in particular at economics faculty at LTV University. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Introduction In Viet Nam, English for Specific Purpose (ESP) has long been considered as an important subject because of its practicality-related demand. To meet the demand of the real economic-social life, ESP is used in the curriculum of Vietnamese universities and colleges and Luong The Vinh University is no exception. At the University, ESP courses in different discipline areas such as Economics, Construction Engineering, Industrial Engineering, Foreign language and Tourism, Informatics Technology, and Agricultural sciences are taught with strong interests from the discipline students. In response to these interests of the students much attention has been paid to the use of ESP text books and materials that develop professional skills. Robinson , Nunan, (1991) assert that materials in general play a key part in language learning. Materials not only provide learners a wide range of useful and fascinating information but they also can play a part in enhancing learners motivation- one of the ess ential issues in language learning- thus, facilitating their acquisition (Dudley- Evan St John, 1998, Nonaka, 2001). However, collecting materials that best serve the learners interests and needs is an obstacle for many teachers. There arise such questions related to this obstacle as what teaching materials should be selected? Where a teacher should start? What a teacher should do to boost the motivation of the students and whether authentic materials boost motivation of students in reading. These questions should be considered as authentic materials can surely provide students with fresh knowledge, expose them to the world of authentic language, while they can bring the real world into the classroom and enliven the class (Martinez, (2002), Kaprova, (1999), Leloup Ponterio, (2000), Dumitrescu, (2000) ) The aim of this research is to investigate the role of authentic materials in enhancing third- year-students motivation in classes for non-English majored students, to be more specific, students of economics at LTV University. To investigate ways to motivate third- year economics students at LTV University to read by using authentic supplementary reading materials and To give recommendations on how to use authentic reading materials efficiently. To enhance economics students English reading proficiency and suggest ways to motivate the teaching of ESP in general and ESP reading in particular at LTV University as well as other universities that share the same mandate. The specific objectives of this research are as follows: to investigate the effects of the authentic supplementary materials on the students reading proficiency level. to find out about the students attitude to the use of authentic materials as a means to enhance motivation of students in post reading activities. This research is organized in 5 chapters, with a list of references and appendices. Chapter one: Introduction and research questions Chapter two: Literature review Chapter three: Methodology Chapter four: Findings and discussions Chapter five: Conclusion Research question Question 1: To test the assumption if there is a significant difference between the English reading proficiency level of the control group (students who do the course with the textbook only) and those of the target group (students who do the course with the textbook plus supplementary authentic materials). Question 2: To test the assumption of the role of authentic materials in enhancing students motivation in reading activities. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW English Reading Textbook 2.1.1 Textbook Description At LTV University, Market Leader Pre-Intermediate is the text book used for third year students of economics. This course book is written by Cotton. D., Falvey. D., Kent S. The course book consists of twelve units which can be completed in thirty two weeks with three periods of forty-five minutes per week in eight 4 per week 45 minutes class period each. The total time of 120 periods is divided equally in to two terms of the academic year. Third year economic students complete 4 periods and each period lasts 45minutes a week. The usual format of each unit is coherence among Starting up, Vocabulary, Discussion, Reading, Listening, Languages, Skill, and Case study. The book also contains four revision units, based on materials covered in the preceding three course book units. This course book is intended for pre-intermediate students taking the course of English in Economics. By the end of the term, students are designed to acquire and develop essential business communication skills: 1 Getting for information and note taking. 2- Making presentation, taking part in meetings, negotiating, telephoning, and using English in social situations. 3- Scanning and skimming, learning and increasing business vocabulary. Students are required to read book able to participate in class regularly and involve in the lessons, to do mid-term test at week 8th and the final test at the end of the term. 2.1.2 Textbook Evaluation Mentioning the issue of evaluating the textbooks Nunan (1988) provides his reader with valuable data resulting from evaluation, which may assist them in deciding whether a course needs to be modified or altered in someway; therefore adequate objectives may be achieved more effectively. According to Cunningsworth (1995: 15-17), there are four general guidelines with special emphasis on the syllabus and methodology such as the following. Guideline one: Course books should correspond to learners needs. They should match the aims and objectives of the language learning program. Guideline two: Course books should reflect the uses (present and future) which learners will make of the language. Select course books which will help to equip students to use language effectively for their own purposes. Guideline three: Course books should take account of the students the needs as learners and should facilitate their learning processes, without dogmatically imposing a rigid method Guideline four: Course book should have a clear role as a support for learning. Like teachers, textbooks mediate between the target language and the learners. Looking at the English textbook being used at the LTV University, it is found that the main aims of the course book Market leader- pre-intimidate is to offer opportunities for either students or businesspeople to improve their English communication skills in general, their English for business purpose in particular. According to Richards and Rodgers, (1986: 66), the nature of communicative approaches is to (a) make communicative competence the goal of language teaching and (b) develop procedures for the teaching of the four languages skills that acknowledge the interdependence of language and communication.. To realize these (ie. communicative competence and interdependence between language and communication), the course book being used at LTV University functions as the major supplier of teaching materials in 12 topic-based units and four revision units. Each unit consists of language review and vocabulary development activities. Additionally, key business functions are focused on a regular basis and students can practice the language which they have learned during the unit in the section on Case Study. In sum, the textbook is essential for teachers, business men and business students to cater for their needs. With regard to students following the course at LTV University, third- year economics students have studied some economic majors since they are students majoring in economics. Reading texts in the course book seem to be not challenging to them (as it is easy for them to acquaint themselves with English economic terms and vocabularies related to economics). However, evaluating the Textbook which is currently used for teaching ESP at LTV University is needed for ESP teachers to identify the strengths and weakness of a currently used textbook. 2.2. Authentic materials for ESP course book 2.2.1. The role of reading materials To all Vietnamese students in classes for non-language majors in general and to economics students at Luong The Vinh University in particular, reading is a task that they do everyday, it is an integral part of their work to pass the exam or to improve their knowledge. Karlin Kartin, (1998:2) states that Reading without reading comprehension is meaningless. Alderson (2000) defines reading as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦an enjoyable, intensive, private activity, from which much pleasure can be derived, and in which one can become totally absorbed. How to collect materials plays an important part in developing reading skill. Referring to materials Alderson (2000: 28) defines reading materials as anything which is used to help to teach language learners.. Brown (1985: 139) defines materials as any systematic description of the techniques and exercises to be used in classroom teaching. If the materials are interesting to students, they will be far more likely to want to read them. Dudley-Evans St Jo hn (1998:171) show some reasons why materials are used: (i) as a sort of language: (ii) as a learning sport: (iii) for motivation: (iv) for references. Materials then play a crucial role in exposing learners to the language, which implies that the materials need to present real language, as it is used, and the full range that learners requires. 2.2.2. Definition of authentic materials Wallace (1992: 145) defines authentic text as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦real-life text, not written for pedagogic purposes. (p.145), it is used for native speakers and contains genuine language. According to Peacock (1997) authentic materials are materials that have been produced to fulfill some social purposes in language communities. It means that they are aimed for learning proposes. Richards (2001) holds that authentic materials refer to the use in teaching of text, photographs, videos selection, and other teaching recourse that were not specially prepared for educational purposes. There are many different viewpoints which view authentic materials from different angles but all the authors share things in common in their definitions: Authentic materials refer to exposure to real language and its use in its own community, appropriateness and quality in terms of goals, objectives, learner needs, interest and naturalness in terms of realized and meaningful communication. 2.2.3. Advantages of authentic materials There are a number of books and journals which refer to the advantages of using authentic materials, especially in ESP brand. Firstly, authentic materials have a positive effect on learner motivation. One of the main motivations for learning a new language is to get closer to native speaker, to understand them better and to take part in their lives, authentic materials strongly utilize this motivation by their linguistic gentility and flavour of everyday life. Authentic text can be motivating because they prove that the language is used for real life purpose by real people. Nuttall (1996:172). When students are highly motivated, they prefer to work with authentic materials, finding it more interesting, more up to date than the text book. They can produce a sense of achievement (Martinez, 2002) Secondly, authentic materials provide exposure to real language. Many authors who support the use of authentic materials have shared idea of authentic materials: that are authentic materials provide students with language exposure- the benefit students get from being exposed to the language in authentic materials (Martinez, 2002). Authentic materials give students more chance to gain real information and real-to-life language that help bring the real world into the classroom. Authentic materials and media can reinforce for student the direct relationship between the language classroom and the outside world (Briton, 1991). The link between the classroom and real world enables students to comprehend the relationship between learning and practicing. Thirdly, authentic materials provide authentic cultural information. Authentic texts bring learners closer to the target language culture with the materials of native speaker. Books, articles, newspapers, and so on also contain a wide variety of text types, language styles not easily found in conventional teaching materials (Martinez, 2002) Because of these benefits, authentic materials result in an overall increase in motivation, a more positive attitude towards learning as well as active involvement and interest in the subject matter. 2.2.5. The criteria of selecting reading authentic materials Three main criteria for selecting text suggested by Nuttal (1996:170) are useful in application of selecting authentic reading materials. Firstly, authentic reading materials are selected on the basis of suitability of content, which means that authentic reading texts should be suitable to learners age, background knowledge, interest and need. Authentic materials should interest the readers by providing new, interesting information through natural and learnable language that suits the course objectives. Furthermore, it should be the type of material that students will use outside of the class for enhancing students reading skill. They should fit the proficiency level of students; the input should be challenging enough to sustain their motivation so materials which are compatible to the proficiency levels of the students or slightly above the level of students should be collected. Kennedy and Bolitho (1984) strongly suggest the use of authentic materials appropriate to the conceptual level of learners. Authentic reading materials should be used in accordance with ability of students, with suitable tasks so they feel mor e confident more secure when handing authentic materials. They are designed not only for the purpose of entertainment but also for practice of reading skill as well. They should be applicable to the students knowledge of their foreign culture or to their functional needs. Secondly, authentic reading materials should match up with the criterion of readability. This refers to the combination of structure and lexical difficulty. It is important to know at which level the students language proficiency is in order to find out about what vocabulary and structures the students are familiar with and choose authentic reading materials at the right level balancing different levels of proficiency. How to choose materials appropriate to students is suggested by Widdowson (1990: 67) as follows: It has been traditionally supposed that the language presented to learners should be simplified in some ways for easy access and acquisition. (p. 67) besides, the sources of authentic reading materials are infinite. Teachers can collect them from the most common sources such as; internet, television, magazines, newspapers, literature and mammal but some of them are full of errors, typos, and spelling mistakes so teachers should check the quality of the materials while selec ting and consider the organization of the text are clear and the content appropriate with the text or not. More important, the impression authentic reading materials should make is: the students feel that they are interacting with quality materials because there is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦an essential interaction between language and thoughtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Goodman (1988: 12) Thirdly, authentic materials should meet the criterion of exploitability. These materials should facilitate learning. Authentic reading texts will be exploited if it can develop ESP reading skills with various kinds of activities that are designed not only for the purpose of entertainment but also for language practice. Davies (1984:192) gives an interesting explanation of what an authentic material really is: It is not that a text is understood because it is authentic but that it is authentic because it is understood. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Everything the learner understands is authentic for him. 2.3 Applying authentic materials in extensive reading program 2.3.2 Applying authentic materials in extensive reading program Nuttall (1996) regards an extensive reading program (ERP) as the single most effective way of improving skills in general. An extensive reading brings in students to be dynamic of reading as it is done in real life by including such key elements of real life reading as choice and purpose. And in fact, authentic materials have been defined as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦real life texts, not written for pedagogic purposes Wallace (1992) They are, therefore, written for native speaker and contain the real. Hedge (2000) indicates, before any training in the use of authentic materials can be effective, it may be the case that a certain level of language competence is necessary. Since reading extensively with authentic materials are the preeminent choice for the third year economics students who study English with a bit authentic environment. 2.3.3 Post-reading activities Post reading activities provide students a good chance to review, summarize, and react to the reading passage. Williams (1984), Greenwood (1988), and Jacob (2002)s hold that the purposes of the post reading stage, is (i) to consolidate or reflect upon what have been read, (ii) to relate the text to the learners own knowledge, interest, or view. Davies (2000) offers some activities in the final stage: discussing what is new or interesting in the text, discussing or debating the topic of the text if it is controversial; doing tasks on the language or the structure of the text, summarizing the text either orally or in writing. Jordan (1997:143) states that ESP students read for a purpose. To achieve the goal, the ESP teacher, should provide the students with different sub- reading skill though a big variety of reading activities dealing with contextual differences, rephrasing. The activities are engendered by the text and are used to extend its potential for meaningful language work, a variety of exercises follow the post reading selection. These are intended to help students acquire English reading skill. The exercises may be Asking students to do the close exercises which relates the text to individual personal details Asking students to summarize the economic reading text to list some sentences encouraging students to perform their ability about finding out the main ideas of the text, and make them possible to express their ideas in their own of words. Asking students to present what they have learned from the text in order to together make plans, monitor and review its progress. Asking student to write business letters or reports which activities provide an opportunity for students to apply their new vocabulary to an authentic and personally relevant. Asking students to play a role so as to persuade audients to involve in the activities. It is an important stage which assists students in linking up what they have read with their background knowledge and experience. Greenwood (1988) regards this stage as stimulating students reflection upon what has been read and enabling them to expand, and reinforce their perception. 2.4 Motivation So far, the role of motivation in second language learning has been the concern of many language researchers. They all agree that learners with positive attitudes towards the subject and high motivation are more likely to be successful when learning a second language. 2.4.1 Definition of motivation Crookes and Schmidt (1991) indicated that motivation is the learners desire that relates to the goal of learning a second language. In the same vein, Dornyei and Ottà ³ (1998) assert that motivation energizes human being and provides direction. Brown (2000: 160) adds motivation is some kind of internal drive which pushes someone to do things in order to achieve something. Although motivation is very difficult to define in second language field, the main characteristics of motivation can be summarized as: (i) attitudes towards the learning a language, (ii) the desire to learn a language and (iii) motivational intensity. 2.4.2 Factors effecting motivation According to Oxford and Shearin (1994) there are twelve motivational theories or models, including those from social- psychology, cognitive development, and social cultural psychology, and identified six factors that impact motivation in language learning. Attitude Belief about your self Goals Involvement Environmental support Personal attributes Based on our discussion with colleagues, we learn that these factors are interrelated and if one of the factors is positively effected, all the other factors will accordingly be influenced and motivation is therefore increased. CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 3.1 Kind of research In order to achieve the aim of the research, pre-experimental research is used by the researcher. Pre- experimental research used in this study is to find out how much students reading motivation improved with time and to investigate the effect of authentic materials on enhancing motivation of students in reading. Nunan (1990) stresses that experiments are often carried out exploring the strength of the relationship between the variables. Salkind (2006) points out those casual relationships between variables may be established with this type of research. 3.2 Participants 3.2.1 The researcher The researcher has been an experienced teacher of English for 8 years and been teaching English for business for more than four years 3.2.2 The selection of the subjects Fifty 3rd year economics students at faculty of economics, LTV University were divided into two groups as subjects for the experiment. They are both males and females aged from 20 to 22. They come from different provinces in Viet Nam especially many of them are from the southern area of the Red River Delta in the North of Viet Nam. They all had similar educational background. These students have been acquired the equal background knowledge and skills of English by studying General English for two years in a 240 hour teaching programme at the university. New Headway Elementary and Pre- intermediate has been adopted for the syllabus. In the third year, they have learnt ESP for four months before the experiment. Data collection instruments The experiments were carried out in two classes, which are called target group and control group. The target group uses Market Leader- Pre- Intermediate as course book and authentic materials as supplement The control group uses Market Leader- Pre- Intermediate as course book only. The research was conducted in the 12 weeks programmer with three teaching hours of forty-five minutes each. The researcher used the T-test to find out the mean (M), the standard deviation (Sd), and the ratio of each group to analyze the data collected from the research. The data needed were taken from a test which is used to identify the students achievements. The information on the students reading proficiency, motivation and attitude towards the evaluation were collected by a pre-test, and a post-test. The researcher uses the same test before and after the experiment to measure exactly the different level of reading proficiency of two groups before and after the experiment. The tests were taken from www.about.com and Cambridge University. The test is focus on such specific reading skill as Guessing vocabulary from the context Matching a word with its appropriate definition Comprehension Multichoice The test consists of 40 questions divided in to 4 part based in topic of economic plan, deliveries and suppliers, economic terms, business people. The period between the pre-test and post-test was 12 weeks. The time allowance for each test is 60 minutes and the test was delivered for both groups and then collected and graded by the researcher. Firstly, the researcher gave students a pre-test to find out about their level of reading proficiency without using authentic supplementary materials. A Post test was given to the students to find out about how much students improved the motivation in reading with time and to investigate the effect of authentic materials on enhancing motivation of students in reading from the research. Beside the tests, questionnaires were also used as data collection instruments so as to evaluate the experimenter techniques were used of the researcher and the materials. Questionnaires also were collected; the data of the questionnaires were only gathered in experiment class. Brown (1995) suggests that questionnaires are more efficient for gathering information on a large scale than other approach. The questionnaire consists of 12 questions divided in to four sections. The first section consists of 3 questions in order to get information on the attitude of stud

A sociological perspective on ADHD

A sociological perspective on ADHD in educational and specialization communication. According to Ideus this is not only due to the politicisation and medicalisation of the condition, but also due to the current cultural respect to medical and psychiatric subjects. She argues that more and more popular belief is polarised in the United States by the advocacy groups and the media into ADHD group and ADHD sceptics. She argues that it is not that sociologically conscious and scientifically sceptical ADHD cliques do not exist, but their efforts have been marginalised as counterproductive to ADHD activism welfare (Myers, 2007). The problem with those who use sociological approach to ADHD is that they fail to accept the biological determinism and pseudo-objectivity of the main approach. Major works have attributed the origin and the growth of ADHD with the cultural imperatives than it is related to neutral science. Schachar established that the origins of ADHD lie in the specific political and economic climate of the United Kingdom as the century turns. According to him, ADHD had its basis in the values of Social Darwinism which had dominated the United States by then. According to Conrad established that cultural and political factors were significant in the appreciating and defining of Social Darwinism which was a forerunner to ADHD. According to his investigation, the growth of ADHD can be associated with the theories of children medical treatment through the 50 and 60s, the development in boldness of pharmaceutical businesses in the sixties, and the US governments initiatives to control drug treatment. He further noted that while the classification existed and developed from, both the medical label and treatment were not extensively used until the finalization of the social factors. This implies as per him, this condition worsened due to particular needs and forces in the United States society. The sociological perspective on ADHD shows the significance of cultural, political and economic priorities in the reception of the group in different national and cultural environments. A research by Yelich and Salamone has showed that as the procedures and knowledge in treating this disorder have improved it has continued to grow rapidly as compared to other disorders. They hypothesize that this raises major issues about the position of the situation as a purpose medical group. Additionally, they also note that problems occur mainly on entering the school environment and for distinct disorder there is a huge disparity in problems across diverse sites. They also argue that, ADHD pervasiveness and severity has significant associations with inferior socio-economic class. Zametkin study, which employed the use of brain mapping techniques shows the inadequacies in the initial study but it also claim that the outcomes did not implicitly provide a proof of inexistence of the biological bas is of ADHD (Zametkin, 1989). They also disprove opinions for making ADHD a kind of disability in education on the grounds since it cannot be clearly be diagnosed, that it is not considerably dissimilar from other conditions at present getting services, and there is no irrefutable proof of its natural basis. In reaction they reiterate that while a practical medical category its stress on shortage does not inevitably transform well into professional schooling environments. The latest review by Du Paul and Eckert in the year 1997 shows that less than ten percent of studies accomplished on ADHD concentrated on the area in which the preponderance of difficulties are experienced, that is the school. Biological perspective Biologically the cause of ADHD is the brain structures. According to a research which was performed using advanced imaging techniques shows that there exists dissimilarity in the size of some parts of the brain in children with the ADHD disorder as compared to those who do not inhabit the disorder. In their prefrontal cortex, found in the front part of the brain is less active. It controls the ability of the brain to block some responses. The caudate nucleus and the globus pallidus, which is found at the centre part of the brain and which is known for its ability to increase the speed or to stop the orders emanating from the front part of the brain has been found to be smaller in the children who happens to be victims of ADHD but it seems to get back to normal as the age of the child increases. These abnormalities usually impair a childs ability to discontinue some actions and hence impulsivity in the people with the disorder. In the area above the stem of the brain which is referred to as the cerebellum, it is found to be smaller in children with the disorder. This part enables the control of the muscle tone and their balance and also synchronizes the activity of the muscle (Ellenberger, 1970). This disorder is mostly found with the boy child but as per the statistics it is also underdiagonised in girls. But the ongoing research has enough evidence to show that both genders are in the same position in getting the disorder. Although this disorder is common in children ADHD in adults has also been noted. Ritalin was administered for about 800,000 adults in America in 1997 which is about three times the figure in 1992. As of 2005, experts expected that ADHD affects about 4.1% of adults ages 18 44 years in a specified year. Research shows that ADHD affects 2 6% of population of the adults, taking assumptions that that 1-2/3 of cases continue into adulthood. ADHD in adults mostly occurs as an extension of the childhood condition. Adult-onset symptoms are probable to be because of other factors. Since hyperactivity typically wanes as children get older, it can be a difficult to diagnose it in adults. It is therefore evident that the number or the percentage of the adults with this disorder is underestimated. The following are some signs of adults with this disorder: inattentiveness and problems with the memory which includes: failing to finishing things, judging time wrongly, diverting from projects when nearly completion, being absent minded, and easily forgetting things (Conrad, The Sociology of Health and Illness, 2008). They are also hypersensitive and being restless examples of this is: they are risk takers they have also been found to be less impulsive and their emotions are instable by interrupting others, are easily frustrated, mostly drive recklessly, and have unpredictable moods. These adults have a problem with their self worth such that they do not entertain the occurrence of fresh challenges and mostly they seem to place so much confidence in other people that in themselves In treatment of adults doctors normally revisit their childhood reports on their conducts and experiences. Amusingly, the disorder appears to be equally distributed among adult men and women. Supplementary emotional, personality, and learning disorders have it that amid 19 37% of adults with ADHD has dejection disorder. Between 25 50% have an anxiety disorder. In learning disorder, about 20% of adults with ADHD have dyslexia and auditory dispensation problems which must be considered in which ever plan of treatment to be employed. The adults with the disorder do not mostly attain high academic levels; they earn less money, and have higher chances of being fired in their work places. It has been noted that by the age of approximately 30 most of them are self employed (Conrad, The Changing Social Reality of ADHD, 2009). Research also has it that about 32 to 53% of alcoholics are the ADHD victims. 8 32% are marijuana smokers or cocaine takers. A study in year 2003 shows that the adults and the young people who are at the risk of drug abuse are the ones with the ADHD disorders or those who had had behavioural problems in their childhood days. Both adults and children with this disorder seems to lack sleep with a disorder commonly called restless legs syndrome and sleep apnea. In the sleep apnea one is unable to breath for temporal period when a sleep. Most people do not recognize but the victim wakes and start grasping for breath. This is usually coupled with snoring. It has been known that treatment of sleep apnea reduces the symptoms of ADHD by 50%. ADHD in adults is treated with the Atomoxetine which is not a stimulant. It reduces the symptoms as hyperactivity, inability to concentrate, and inclination in adult victims. This treatment is normally discontinued in early signs of liver problems. It i s therefore advisable to be used in adults compared to the adolescents and children since they can trigger suicidal thoughts. Bupropion may be a chiefly good quality option for some ADHD adults, as well as those who also have bipolar disorder or a history of drug abuse. Tricyclic antidepressants are also effective with both depression and ADHD disorders. The standard psycho stimulants, methylphenidate (Ritalin) and Adder all are also good in the same. These patients can also be treated by nicotine replacement. This improves ADHD symptoms and seems to have special effects in the brain that similarly to those of stimulants. It is also difficult to identify presence of this disorder in children since there exists no laboratory or imaging for perfect diagnosis of ADHD as it majorly depends on the symptoms of behaviours and the process of discriminating other disorders. Many professionals believe that is under and over diagnosed in most cases. The difficulty is due to: misconception of parents who ends up to pressurizing the doctors to administer methylphenidate to their children who seem to perform poorly in school and who are usually aggressive which as per the statistics shows that out of the 18% and 20% of Caucasian boys treated with Ritalin only 11% were ADHD victims. In other cases most children were young for their level of grades which shows that they may be immature intellectually and socially. It is also known that children from poor backgrounds and those who have grown up in single parent households are likely to have behaviour and emotional problems which has increased in the level of the victims of the ADHD victims. In treatment the doctor will need the history of the behaviour of the child and he/ she will compare the behaviours with the standardized list which outlines the symptoms of the ADHD. Parent must provide the following information to the physician: the particular problems from as early as they can remember in their child growth more so the report from school, relationship between the child and other siblings, changes that have occurred of late, information on whether the family have had a history of ADHD, the eating habits of the child, the sleeping patterns, speech and the language development, and any other problem the mother experienced during delivery or during the pregnancy. The mother should also include any other history of allergies, terminal ear problems, and hearing problems. Finally it is crucial that the doctor understand how the parent6 handle the child when interacting with the child. There are various tests that may be administered to a child in order to test any signs of ADHD. These include CPT which is a test referred to as continuous performance test where a child is sat before a computer and he/she is asked to press some keys and not to press others as per certain images in the screen. Some other tests may be done in order to test the neural, emotional and intellectual growth. They mostly include studying and problem solving assignments with the aim of determining the disabling areas. Tests of blood samples may be taken in the situations of doctors suspecting presence of lead toxics in the blood of the child. Research has shown that ADHD does not in most cases exist alone but it is accompanied by other disorders. Scientists have it that it is only 1/3 only pure ADHD that exist. The following disorders also exist parallel to it. Attention-Deficit Disorder without Hyperactivity. In this type of disorder, the childs initial signs are inability to persist in assignments and the ability to be distracted is very high. Oppositional-Defiant Disorder (ODD): statistics shows that about 36% of the ADHD children also have ODD. The child is defiant, hostile towards authoritative people lasting for about six months and they have a negative pattern of life. Additionally, they are aggressive and have frequent tempers tantrums and in most cases they display antisocial manners. ODD patients have other phobia disorders which must be treated disjointedly (Leo, 2009.). Psychological perspective Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a universal neurodevelopment psychiatric problem the greatest part of research in this field has focused on genetics and neuropsychological or the behavioural signs for the disorder. It exists as the most genetic psychiatric disorders, with genetical inheritance being approximately 77%. Despite of the scientific research that various genes can be associated with ADHD their impacts are minimal and hence the cause of this disorder cannot be pegged entirety on gene theory. Today research is expanding in order to investigate the role of environmental factors and their association with some genes and epigenetic processes in the expansion of the ADHDs symptoms. The analysis of ADHD is founded on the assemblage of symptom arrangement (impulsivity-hyperactivity and lack of attentiveness) and provides room for three subtypes impulsive-hyperactive, lacking concentration and combined-type. These subtypes may have diverse aetiologies and behavi oural profiles. Psychiatrists and Psychologists have come up with a variety of theories to give details of the behaviour of patients of ADHD. It should be clearly noted that any key psychological theory of ADHD ought to be able to explain these analytical symptoms. The psychological perspective takes into account four theories to explain the existence and the development of ADHD. Below is the outline of the same. The Delay Aversion theory which was introduced in 1990 argues that children who harbor this disorder are capable of waiting but they dont want to. Its earlier version stated that ADHD children arent impulsive in terms of opting for an instant reward at the expense of the overall reward but it happens when there is a shorter delay. Inattentiveness and hyperactivity are well thought-out to show trials to decrease prejudiced knowledge of delay in situations when it cant be avoided. The Dynamic Developmental Theory (DDT) of ADHD was developed for the past 20 years and which has raised different views amongst various psychologists. This complete theory tries to elucidate the behavioural manifestations of ADHD from a neurotransmitter up to a community level and aims to give details about all symptoms of ADHD. This theory argues that there exist two major behavioural mechanisms reinforcing a lot of symptoms of ADHD: altered reinforcement of original behaviour and poor extermination of insufficient behaviour. The State Regulation hypothesis suggests that a non-optimal vigorous situation can clarify performance lack in children with ADHD. It is founded on a study using the Cognitive vigorous model of Sanders. In this model, the competence with which a duty is done is considered to be a creation of elementary cognitive stage and their energy allotment. The basic stages are spur encoding, memory hunt, binary choice and motor training and may be viewed as structural computational in sequence processes. The accessibility of these processes is connected to the stimulation and launching levels of the subject. Stimulation is defined as a time-locked phasic physiological answer to effort, whereas launching refers to a long-lasting intentional preparedness for action The Executive Dysfunction theory of ADHD argues that the symptoms of ADHD occur entirely due to a decrease in executive power, caused by abnormalities in the arrangement, purpose and biochemical process of the fronto-parietal and fronto-striatal neural networks Neuropsychological tests that are susceptible to the mechanism of the decision-making purpose system have been used to evaluate children with ADHD. The outcomes of these tests have been unswervingly and ultimately linked back to the physiological, anatomical and biochemical dysfunctions in the frontal cortex, the fronto-parietal and fronto-striatal circuits in ADHD. Summary and Conclusions: It is evident that the three disciplines concerning the issue of ADHD communicate the same thing or they tend to explain the same concept but they use different approaches. According to the discussion above, the biological cause of ADHD is the deformation in the brain structures. It implies that children and adults with ADHD disorder have either small brain size or even deformed brains as compared to the normal adults and children. This approach cannot be ignored since it bases its facts on a practical example i.e. on an experiment that has been done by medical professionals. This can be objected on the basis that the experiment that was done just happened to be a coincidence and for those who do not believe to believe in scientists, they may find this perspective not fulfilling like the sociological perspective The sociological perspective rotates about the education factor as a determinant of whether the chid is suffering from ADHD disorder. Children who fail to perform well or those who conduct their selves in abnormal manners tend to be judged to have the ADHD disorder and in most cases as I discussed earlier they form about 11% while there are others who perform poorly in class not because they have these disorders but they are poor learners. Maximum investigation must be performed in order to differentiate between a disorder and inability to learn. As earlier discussed, sociologists fails to recognise the biological perspective and pseudo-objectivity of the biological approach as they object the origin theory provided by the neural scientists. They normally attribute the growth and the origin of this disorder with the environment around the child. This environment is the: cultural, political and the immediate society of the child. It also depends on the economic status of the family of the child. The psychological perspective on the other hand focuses on the key psychological theories which include: the Executive Dysfunction theory, the State Regulation model, the Dynamic Developmental Theory (DDT), and the Delay Aversion theory. These theories only try to explain this disorder in just but a theoretical way without providing actual practical examples on the application of the same. Therefore these theories have the same definition but they sound differently depending on the field of study (Erkulwater, 2009. ).