Mother and Daughter, a Heavenly Relationship Failed Essay Example for Free

M different and Daughter, a Heavenly Relationship Failed EssayDaughter and stick birth is an endless topic for gentlemans gentlemany writers. They be meant to share the bond of love and care for from each one other. In the real world, however, their kinship is not as sure-fire as it ought to be. The stories How to Talk to Your scram and I condense present Ironing are the examples of this negate. Lorrie Moore is distinguished for the clever wordplay, irony and sardonic humor of her fiction. How to Talk to Your mother is a short story in her collection Self-Help. It is about a failed relationship of a daughter and her mother over time. Similarly, Tillie Olsens I Stand Here Ironing portrays powerfully the economic and domestic burdens a poor woman faced, as well as the responsibility and powerlessness she feels over her childs life. two stories sacrifice the comparable theme, but each has different technique, and the conflicts from the characters are opposite.Poor ch at over time is the theme twain stories share. In How to Talk to Your Mother, Ginny, the author, faded the relationship with her mother as time goes and things changed from 1939 to 1982. In 1952, Ginny started to break a modality by slamming the door and say Dont I know it (Moore 105) when her mother asks about her crush in junior high. Then, she becomes a young adult with a new life and would not come home for holidays. However, it is not until her mother called her by her sisters name that makes she feels uncomfortable. listen that you hurl a way of knowing each other which somehow slips out and beyond the ways you have of not knowing each other at all (Moore 103). The simply How to title belies the complexities of broken communication between mother and daughter. Ginny attempts to communicate with her mother throughout decades, but it never works. In I Stand Here Ironing, the mother faced the same problem with poor communication.Readers feel deeply sorry for the mother as she is economically alone, lonely, overworked and tired. The mother is continuously busy and preoccupied with other children. I was working, there were four smaller ones now, there was not time for her (Olsen 191). She has little or no time to ripple to Emily, the daughter. The only time they met each other is at night, when Emily is struggle over books and the mother be ironing, or do other house chores. In both stories, the mothers and daughters have reallypoor communication. Each character has her birth life and stared to ignore their love ones. Ginny lives her wild life with romance. On the other hand, the mother in I Stand Here Ironing is so busy with her low-class life. As a result, their relationship failed as time rolls.Although both stories share similarity, each story was written with different styles, point-of-views, and languages. Lorrie Moore presents How to Talk to Your Mother in reverse chronological order, from latest to earliest. This technique supports her main idea by illustrating the broken communication pattern existing since the narrators childhood. With this style, readers find it amusing as they erect read forward or backward. Moreover, this kind of writing is very rare in literature. Tillie Olsens I Stand Here Ironing was written in a traditional flashback. It started with the mother blaming herself for Emilys outturn. Then, she remembered all the life events that result in bad decisions she made for Emily. Both stories also have different point-of-view. How to Talk to Your Mother is told in second-person, using you, instead of I. The second-person narration distances the narrator from the pain inflicted by her mother, father, and lovers.This is Moores clever choice. Readers can name and sympathize with Ginny. On the other hand, I Stand Here Ironing is told in first-person. The mother is telling readers about her faults and her attempts to help Emily through difficult years. Readers can see the hardship the mother faced and understand her situation. Nevertheless, Moore writes the story like one would write in her diary, very informal. The full title is How to Talk to Your Mother (Notes), and the language is not very aesthetic. On the contrast, Olsen writes her story in formal, literature language. In response to her story, Helen Pike Bauer writes Olsens story is a dialogue between circumstances and desire, constraint and love, absence and presence, silence and speech, power and helplessness.The conflicts of each character are opposite. The primary conflict in How to Talk to Your Mother is between Ginny and herself. She feels like she has her own life and her mother becomes annoying. In 1971, she wrote Go for long walks to get away from her. Walk through wooded area there is a life you have forgotten (Moore 103). Throughout the story, readers can see thebroken relationship is resulted from the external events of her life. She has three abortions and involving many relationships with men that she dont even like. Sometimes you confuse her with the first man you ever love, who ever loved you (Moore 102). Ginny almost blamed herself for their relationship. Her mom is always there, in her house since 1967. A year out front death, her mother tells her Is that any way to talk to your mother (Moore 101)?While Ginny experienced the external conflict of her life, the mother in I Stand Here Ironing faced an internal conflict involving Emily. She makes a very meaningful statement at the end of story help Emily to know that she is more than this dress on the ironing board, helpless before the iron (Olsen 193). The mother constantly referred to the bad decisions she had made for Emily during her childhood. She sent Emily to live with her relatives as a toddler and came back with all baby loveliness done for(p) (Olsen 188). Then, she sent her off again to a convalescent home. These decisions caused the mother to constantly nag at her internal self. Emily turned to a comedic teen is the result of the mo thers ignorant and poor relationship, which makes the mother blaming herself. She feels like the conflict is caused by her and Emily deserved a better life.Thackeray says, God cannot be everywhere and therefore he made mother. Parents are the caretaker of their children. From their experiences, they know what is best and they would never mean ill for them. How to Talk to Your Mother and I Stand Here Ironing are short stories that remind readers to hold dear their relationships with parents. Both stories have the same theme of communication, but each has different technique, and the conflicts from the characters are opposite. Their situations are very difficult poverty, low-class, and early motherhood. Lorrie Moore writes How to Talk to Your Mother to handle the popular How-to style.She marks off each stage of the plot by repeated works and ideas of heart, babies, containers, and unsuccessful talks between mother and daughter. Tillie Olsen writes I Stand Here Ironing with many sym bolisms. For example, the iron is the torment, outside pressures. The dress is her problem, or Emily. The mother is ironing out the problem from inside her heart. Both stories carry the same message of mother and daughter relationship that most people faced the same path. In the society right now, there are many children experiencedchild abuses. As for many parents, they could not get their kids to listen to them. The heavenly relationship failed as lives go on.

Human Rights and Democracy of Filipinos Essay Example for Free

Human Rights and Democracy of Filipinos EssayAccording to the United Nations, The values of freedom, respect for valet rights and the rule of memory periodic and legitimate elections by universal suffrage are vital elements of democracy. In turn, democracy provides the natural environment for the protection and effective realization of human rights. These standards are embodied in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and further developed in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights which enshrines a host of political rights and civil liberties underpinning meaningful democracies. The relation between democracy and human rights is captured in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which states The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of political sympathies this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedur es.With this nonion, Martial Law in the Philippines only proves that during that time, Human Rights and Democracy is not totally practiced in the whole nation. The circumstances of arrests, detentions and searches made without court orders are common practice during the martial rule. The fundamental principles of legality and due operate have been neglected, with security forces having unprecedented powers given by the head of state under this martial law. Election frauds were also perceived. Justice among those involve were deserted and creaky and Justice for the countrys democracy were put in to trash. Martial rule and suspension of writ of habeas corpus, which allows warrantless arrests, detention and conduct of searches, have been a agreeable solution for the police forces incompetence in enforcing their rudimentary duties. The soldiers have cemented their de facto superiority over the police in conflict areas.But thirty one yr had already passed, and the Armed Forces of th e Philippines have repeatedly been accused of involvement if not actively engaging in the killing of defenceless political activists. The AFP restates that they neer will have a rule of intentionally targeting civilians as well as those who may have a different political orientation from our government for as long as they detain their resist within legal and legislative means. The AFP remains committed intheir duty to help tell that the Philippines progresses as a democratic society free by armed threats. Their answer is explicit in the AFPs code of ethics in support for peace initiatives.Furthermore, the AFP will persist to fully assist with fact-finding bodies formed by proper authorities. But investigation should be found on valid pieces of evidence as determined by courts and not simply on given away allegations. With proper procedure the AFP makes it a point that Justice is served to each and every Filipinos. Their faults in the past should not be carried today, for the scen ario and period is different. Changes in the agency only attest that they are deal with it in order to have Justice in every aspect of their post.References* United Nation. 2012. Democracy and Human Rights.Online accessed from http//www.un.org/en/globalissues/democracy/human_rights.shtml on December 09, 2012 * Asiatic Human Rights Commission. 2009. Philippines Martial Law Dilutes Human Rights Online Retrieved from http//www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO0912/S00305.htm on December 09, 2012 * General Hermogenes C. Esperon Jr. 2007. The AFP in a democracyprotecting human rights online ebook downloaded last-place December 09, 2012

Issuing the Draft Essay Example for Free

Issuing the Draft EssayIn response to the offshoot argument in favor of volunteer enlistment, I would counter that the overall effect would continue to support the status quo in that privileged and wealthy Americans would not have an urgent need to enlist. Due to this economic division between classes, the lower class sector would continue to be the majority of soldiers because of a deprivation of better options in civilian society. In this general sense the moral of the volunteer would not increase but would remain either indifferent or resentful. Making the draft mandatory could be seen as an equalizing force that supports the doctrine that all men are created equal, whether or not that be the case. Response to plump for argument Responding to the second argument against the draft due to the lack of funding by the part of the government, I would contend that the volunteering aspect would cut the overall sizing of the military because of the negative perspective that the gove rnment is mis-appropriating their funds.If this were the case, volunteers would feel no urgent necessity to enlist because they would feel their efforts would not be recognized or back up sufficiently enough to warrant such a life changing decision. Although I agree that volunteers who join causes they believe in will ultimately run with more vigor, in this case the moral boost would be ever-vanishing.

Research Proposal On Resource Management Environmental Sciences Essay

Research Proposal On Resource Management Environmental Sciences EssayIntroductionThis is an individual components naming with carried an individual presentation. This assignment is consists of a explore proposals. A explore proposal is written specification of an intended interrogation. In order to, from the particular topic do the belles-lettres retread, business command, modeology, project objective and results expectation. When do look into on belles-lettres fall over as a researcher needed to find instruction through the intellectual journal, scholarly articles, books and scholarly host.In the literary works review, task is to refer referencing as research proposals what others researcher has been done. Find the relevant particular issue, ara of research, theory, description, summary and tiny issue due to the particular topic. In research proposals, the side by side(p) method is problem educational activity. At here, after accomplished the literature review p art, to identifying the problem on others researcher has been done. Furthermore, too discuss the problem of project punctuate, project background is provide the evidence ad facts to support the researcher case problem, describes clearly on the new idea problem.After completed the problem statement, the neighboring step is methodology. Methodology is from researcher research design to identifying the justification or limitations on the product. At here, requirement explains the depth of investigation, content, sample size, geographical and theoretical coverage. The next method for research proposal is Project objective, project objective is listed come out of the closet the objective of the research aim arising nowadays from the purpose of the field. In the project objective, overly require to do the research questions and significance of the project. For explain objective for the research.The stick out step is results expectation. to begin with completed the research propos al, as a researcher require to do the results expectation on the idea. To do the analyze data, listed the method to used, require market or other relevant issues for assuming the results. In conclusion, a research proposal is combined with divergent research methods for accomplished the proposal. , both of this method is key information to support researcher on the research topic for avoid the plagiarisms.Due to the problem of planetary climate rapidly increase, environmental damage and environmental contamination become more serious. And the earthy resources minimizing, the important of renewable nothing more be valued. More researcher be try to research the renewable animation for solving the natural resources minimizing problem. investigator are founded various types of renewable vigour for replacement the natural resources, the most common renewable vigor is solar vigour agreement. Solar verve frame is pecking the sunlight into the solar panel and then to bea t the electric automobile military group to try the electricity. Next of renewable zero is the wave skill dodge, its assist with the wave nada to rotary the turbine origin and pay back the electric position, normally are using by the country on with ocean. The next renewable energy is same concept with the wave energy carcass, there are also using the turbine rotary to grant the energy for supply the electric strength, which is the wrick energy business office dust.Turbine are designing as the fan blade, its normally build on open circularize environment. When the nose are blowing the turbine will be rotating and in the same time the turbine connect with a reference, the generator are generate the energy, therefore this is called as digress big businessman energy system. Basically lead power energy system are building at high frequency peak expanse, because able to generate more energy, but due to the researcher do some relevant research it also suitable for build at normal frequency speck blow ranges. discernment is renewable energy is an important resources for decrease the natural resource minimizing rapidly.In the end, introduce my research topic is the micro swerve turbine generator renewable energy system on pass light. Due to the track lamp already use the solar power system for refilling the natural power resources, but depending on some area are lack of sunlight, in order to solar street lamp are not suitable for build at the particular place. purpose a wind power system for street light is for backup the solar problem. It could be build in two renewable functions, which is the solar power system and wind power system, but my research topic is more concentrate on the wind power energy system.Literature ReviewIn literature review are require to explanation the overview of the research subject, separate the division of give-up the ghosts under review into the categories. Make explanation of how each work is similar to a nd how it varies from the others. And at the end, conclusions as to which pieces are best considered in the argument, which are most convincing of the opinions and study the grea streamlet contribution to understanding and development of the area of research.The functioning of assessing each piece, are consideration the four important sessions, which is provenance, objectivity, persuasiveness and value. Furthermore, also needed to identify the definition and the purpose due to the literature review may constitute an essential chapter of a thesis or dissertation, or also maybe a self contained review of writings on a subject.The requirement of research proposal is to references at least 10 of scholarly journals, scholarly articles, books or conference. From the relevant references, to identifying the fact data or others supporting evidence. And make the referencing citation for avoid to plagiarism.At first, the literature review is some the computer fund of fluctuating wind ener gy. An overview of the literature review is astir(predicate) the last 15 old age the wind power energy becomes more and more important in Germany. The derive of total installed capacity of wind power generator was rapidly increasing in Germany, according the data intoxicateion from researchers, the average full load hours of the German wind generation is about 1600h/a and will increase 2010 to about 1960h/a based on the increasing off-shore wind parks in Germany(Dr Edwin,2007). From this data we get the knowledge about the wind power energy is getting more and more requirement in the global. The result is the increasing the amount requirement wind power energy, the reducing the environmental polluted. According the research root, the Germany aught Agency has been published the results, they target to reduce the Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emission from today 860 Mio t/a until 2012 to 846 Mio t/a.This development of installment is not only happened in Germany others Europe country al so development this generator is extremely fast. Worldwide country also has growing fast for installment the wind power generators. They are still continuing investigate the research on Compressed air energy storage (CASE). Compressed air energy storage is operated system in different ways, which is the storage of low energy for peak load demand, use of not used base load energy, reserve the energy power and storage of fluctuating wind energy. In conclusion, they still investigate the problem of transmission system for transportation the power to long distance, and the change reserve and operation system.Next, the literature review is plan for the wind power device to make the best of earth wind energy. After overview the paper, for collecting the best of wind energy resources on the earth surface, researcher are plan for a new type of wind power device, it called as multiple wind wheel wind power device (MWD). The multiple wind wheel wind power device is composes steel tower, trus ses, generator, long axis vertebra, wind turbine and wheel boxes. Its installed all this components to be the MWD. Multiple wind wheel wind power device operation function is capture the wind energy in high air, a wind turbine and its generator are installed at the top of a very high tower, that the wind energy below the wind turbine cannot be utilized (zhang and zhang, 2010). In conclusion, in the limitation area this multiple wind wheel wind power device is more valuable due to the same of capacity and more power to generate.Another literature review source is about the generating capacity adequacy associated with wind energy. After overview, utilization of renewable energy, such as the wind power energy is for electric power generation is being given serious consideration approximately the world due to the global environmental concern associated with unoriginal energy sources (Roy Billinton and Guang bai, 2004). Researcher has presented a methodology for capacity adequacy asso ciated with wind energy, comparing the two types of systems which are containing both conventional generation system and wind energy metempsychosis system (WECS). From the simulation, the stu fall outs have shown that the wind energy conversion system is more reliability performance generation system. Due to the benefits of the capacity can be charge to a wind energy conversion system is highly dependent on the wind. In conclusion the paper is making the studies on the wind energy conversion system focus on the ability to quantify. And able to given reliability contribution in at a site with a high mean wind speed.Furthermore, literature review source is about the combining the wind power generation system with energy storage equipments. Overview the paper, this paper is about a group of Taiwan researcher to make some studies on the wind power energy. A wind power is a source of renewable power which comes from air current flowing across the earths surface (Lu. et al. 2008). Acco rding the research data, the average annual growth rate of more than 26% since 1990, the wind power energy is the fastest rapid growth energy source in the world. The wind power energy storage equipment also role as important, it approach to make wind power more steady-going sources on capacity and energy. This storage devices also as application for reducing the output attractivenessic variation during the puff wind is also studied. In conclusion, the wind power and energy storage equipment is operation the system generation. The benefits of energy storage devices to mitigate the fluctuations during wind gust are also been discussed.The next literature review is reliability evaluation of generating systems containing wind power and energy storage. This is another group researcher to make studies on energy storage and wind power generating system. Wind power generation in electric power systems will increase considerably thought out the world in the unspoilt future, many countr ies have implemented or are in the process of implementing policies to promote renewable energy(Hu. et al., 2009). For wind power energy, is a faster growing source in many types of renewable source. To maintain the system more stability, the wind energy dispatch is usually restricted and energy storage is considered to smooth out the fluctuation and improve supply continuity. Researchers also investigate the wind energy conversion system (WECS) and energy storage, technique of four-card monte Carlo simulation (MCS) also for the reliability evaluation of generating system. In order to, researcher also make studies on the wind power to a small test system which is called as Roy Billiton test system (RBTS). The results also recorded from the wind penetration level, energy storage capacity and energy storage run constraints. In conclusion, this research paper is making the comparison of three different operating strategies for benefits and advantages on energy storage.The following of Literature review is an introduction of wind conversion. In this Although the wind is not very reliable as a source of power from day to day, it is a reliable source of energy year by year , and the main role for future wind energy system will be operating in parallel with electricity grid system(Musgrove.P.J,1983). The paper has make studies on the wind turbine characteristics, the wind energy resource and economics. Due to the wind turbine system from begin is founded from middle east country, through some bite the wind turbine system is widespread to worldwide, at first , the Mediterranean was adapt the wind turbine system , after the period of time, its spread to Europe and worldwide country. And nowadays, the wind turbine system is very important of renewable energy for this century. In conclusion, wind turbine system is rapidly be installment at worldwide, the requirement of the design and operating function also needed to make improvement. The average wind speed, and hence the wind power density is also subject to consideration geographic variation.The seventh of literature review is design of wind turbine energy system. This research paper is studies about the designing the actually shape for the suitable area. Air flowing is called the wind, because of sun, the wind always exists, the wind energy is from the sun, it is a renewable energy resource (Fang, 2010). In this paper, the researchers is investigate the air flowing in the whole earth is wish well a boiler. The air becomes light in the equator, and be heavy in the two poles. The air wind flows day and night. Researcher due to the data collection, the different of temperature, the different season, and different or areas the speed of wind is different. Therefore, when design a wind turbine energy system, must be consideration the mass air flows, existents of turbine all is important issues. In conclusion, the paper is case studies of design of wind turbine energy system for suitable to convert to energy source.The next literature review also as no 8 literature review is wind energy and power system inertia. This research paper is case studies about the wind energy along with the power system. Wind is an abundant, clean, robust, and compelling resource for generating electricity. The low inertia of a wind dominant power system could be troublesome in power system operation. (Abreu and shahidehpour, 2006). In this paper presented the problem operation system which is the inertia is to combine wind energy with high inertia energy storage system, improvement technology system in the flywheel energy storage (FES). Flywheel energy storage by using kinetics energy as storage, the FES technology might offers high steady inertia and good efficiency which improve the power quality. Due to no individual power plant is totally reliable and a wind farm alone may not be at the desirable reliability levels, a wind farm might no schedule to supply a certain amount of load. In conclusio n, this research topic has been discussing issues on environment, modular benefits and importance. If without the financial issue, they flywheel energy storage system is a good combination for wind turbine generator.The 9th literature review is the A novel wind energy system. This research paper is case studies also about the wind energy system. Power generation utilizing wind energy has received greater attention in countries all over the world due to rapid depletion of fossil energy resources (Chan and Lai, 2009). In this research paper, have done the case studies on few wind energy system, for example an axial-flux permanent-magnet synchronous generator (AFPMSG) is directly match to a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT). Axial-flux permanent-magnet synchronous generator is studied using a two dimensional finite element method and uninflected methods. Vertical axis wind turbine for use in urban regions are close to domestic premises, hence quiet operation is an important system. In conclusion, the paper is discussing the wind energy system suitable for the urban environment. The axial-flux permanent-magnet synchronous generators have it benefits and advantages.Next of the literature review is the supervisory predictive control of standalone wind/solar energy generation systems. This research paper is making the case studies on the development of a supervisory model predictive control methods for the optimal perplexity and operation of hybrid standalone wind-solar energy generation systems. drivers for solar or wind renewable energy systems are the environmental benefits due to reduction the carbon emissions, trim back investment risk, fuel diversification, and energy autonomy(Qi.et al,2011). According the renewable energy, the solar energy also is an important research for renewable energy. Some energy generate system is work the two renewable energy together as power energy. Solar system is absorb the sunlight to heat the solar panel, and then to generat e the energy. Therefore, the design benefits for some country, because its able to generating the energy in two ways. In conclusion, this paper has studies the development if a supervisory predictive control method for the optima prudence and operation of hybrid wind solar energy generation systems.The last of literature review is the grid voltage support by mean of a small wind turbine system. This research paper is making the case studies on the small wind turbine system (WTS) improved with voltage compensation functionality. At here, the important part is the voltage controlled inverter. As the wind capacity increases, grid utility operators have to ensure that consumer power quality is not compromised. To enable a too large scale application of the wind energy without compromising the power system stability, the turbine should stay connected and contribute to the grid in case of a anguish such as voltage dip(Orlando. et al,2008). The wind turbine system used a permanent magne t generator as the main system for operation. The permanent magnet generator is control to maximize the power output and achieve a smooth torque and power profile. In the conclusion, the paper has studies the new wind turbine system should contribute to the regulation of active and reactive power and thereby contribute to the voltage control.Problem Statement and Proposed contentsProblem statementAccording the literature review has been done in previous research data collection. Researcher base on the literature review research to identifying the problem statement. The problem statement is the wind power storage energy system. Need to find out the solution to ensure the electricity collect from turbine generator has been storage in the system. The next problem statement is total amount of wind energy collected by the wind turbine system. Therefore researcher must to find the solving method to complete the problem of wind energy collected. Transmission system of the wind turbine also needs to identify, for guarantee the process to transmit the electric power to generate the light with a stable.Problem backgroundProject background is from the research topic to build up the case. From the problem statement, collapseing the concept or methods founded from the literature review for solving the problem. All the information needs explanation clearly due to significance for allow reader understanding easily. Using the Monte Carlo simulation, in in brief (MCS) for collecting the data.A research projects on micro wind turbine generator street lamp renewable energy is consideration many sectors. Due to the problem statement been listed, if destiny to build the micro wind turbine generator street lamp on urban must consideration the wind energy collected system. In the urban, it consists of hold area, office building, highway road and Leisure Park. Different area are having the different rate of air flowing. Therefore, the wind energy collected system is requiring fi nding the solution method, ensuring the wind turbine system able to collect the energy. Based on the literature review, have been collect 3 methods to solve the problem. Firstly, is about the multiple wind wheel wind power device, in short (MWD).This method is designing the wind turbine system installed in vertically. The generator put in middle of the generator room. Steel tower must in circle type because it is the stationary axis the trusses turn around. When the air flowing, the multiple levels might be turn around and collect the wind. Other benefits for this is the require capacity is small. Therefore, this method is suitable to apply on the micro wind turbine street lamp.The next method for improving to collect the wind power energy is wind turbine generator, in short (WTG). This method is using the permanent magnet generator to generate the turbine rotating. When the air flowing is lower, the system will more generate to collect the wind energy. In order this method also can be apply on the micro wind turbine street lamp. The last method for improving to collect the wind power is the axial-flux permanent-magnet synchronous generators (AFPMSG). This method has an outer -rotor construction for convenient mounting to the turbine rotor structure. Its directly couple with vertical axis wind turbine. Based on this method solution, also can apply on the micro wind turbine street lamp.The next problem statement is the energy storage system. To build the micro turbine wind generator street lamp also requires to consideration the energy storage system. From the project design, the street lamp is a vertical aluminum tower. In base of tower must install the energy storage system for redundancy the system. Through the review on the literature review, has been collect 2 methods to improving the design. Firstly, is the wind energy conversion system, in short (WES). This system is make the collection wind energy into the system and generate out the more reliability of energy, when the system accepting the high amount of power it will keeping in the storage , and when needed the system will automated to release the energy to generate. The next method is the flywheel energy storage system, in short (FES). This also a method of storage the energy, it make through the high steady inertia system to generate, the kinetic energy will be storage. All energy storage system is to generate reliability energy to generate the system.The last problem statement is the transmission of the wind turbine power system. When the wind power was been collected at the generator, sometime needed to conveying the power to other location, therefore the transmission also important. Based on the literature review, the method been founded is the compressed air energy storage, in short (CASE). This also a type of storage system, but then it apply the transmission system for ensure the energy transferring in stable rate. In conclusion, the problem background solution has solv ed due the method from other researcher.MethodologyResearch design and justification / limitationsIn the methodology, must provide the scope of research, the scope of research is includes the depth of investigation, content, sample, size, geographical and theoretical coverage as well as the time scope. At this section needed to justification the applied research method. The research project is micro turbine wind energy generator street lamp. Application of street lamp is installment on the ground and providing the light intensive. The project is design near similar with common street lamp, the only few part are different which is the top is consists of the wind turbine for generate the wind energy. And the bottom part consists of energy storage system for storage the energy.The tower of the project is using the aluminum as basic material, due to the market requirement able to change the material depend on needed. For the wind turbine also using aluminum as material because is avoid get rusty easily. The lamp of the project is using the light emitted junction rectifier (LED) the reason of choose LED as lamp because it save energy and good quality.Based on the calculation, the wind power street lamp is capable of producing around 150W of power when the wind were blowing and the street lamp save excess energy generated in a battery for using while without energy supply. Due to using the LED as lamp, that powers their high efficiency LED through the night.Since every location and project is different ,urban green energy is taking a components focused approach to the street lamp design the led light wind turbine , tower height and battery storage are all easily scaled to best fit a particular project.There are some advantages available of the project. Low cost for generate power compare with normal energy resource wind power is the most low cost compare within. Other advantage is providing lightning of light during the midnight.The limitation is the street lamp needed to consideration the place to installment, the best location is near by the shore, because just near the sea. The air blow is higher.Project Aims and ObjectivesResearch objectiveThe objective of the research is the statements of the specific of main goal from the purpose of the research study. Due to the research objective, to make the identifying on the problem or question during the research. Firstly, determine the important of renewable energy in the worldwide, due to the reason of minimizing of natural resource. Secondly, to determine the wind power energy system is the process which through the wind flowing to make the rotary on the generator to generate the mechanistic power or electricity. Amount collection of the electric power can convert to supply electricity power. Thirdly, analysis the ability of wind power to substitute the natural resources, wind is a natural environment source, it is inexhaustible source compare with the gases, fuel and metal materials all th is natural resources. This phenomenon is facts therefore its able to replacing the natural resources.Furthermore, the objective of the research is identifying the advantages of wind power generator, advantages of wind energy is a free renewable resource, a source of clean, non-polluting and electricity. Its also able to reducing the carbon emission. Next, of the objective is determine the amount of the energy in the wind be captured, according the case study, a wind turbine are horizontal axis variety, it installment at wind farm, when the air flowing, turbine might be turning and generate the electric current. And also identifying the wind turbine pose a galosh hazard, die to the wind turbine do not use combustion to generate electricity in order to dont produce air emissions. Therefore the surface areas of the turbine are without any polluted, the health and safety attach as important.Objective of the research also include the analysis the potential on market requirement for the wind power generator, base on the minimizing of natural resource, definitely markets are requirement the wind power. Next objective is analysis the cost of wind power compare with conventional power plants, base on the wind power is free, the cost of generate energy might be low cost than others. Another objective is to identifying the amount of electricity power is generating by wind turbine generator. Last objective is to determine the stability of transmission of the storage energy source to generator, ensure the transmission process with balance.Research questionWhat is the important of renewable energy in the worldwide?What is wind power energy system?What is the ability of wind power to alternating(a) the natural resources?What are the advantages of wind power generator?How much of the energy in the wind be captured?Do the wind turbines pose a safety hazard?What is the potential on market for this Wind Turbine Generator?What is the cost of wind power competitive with conventi onal power plants?A wind turbine generate able to generate how amount of electricityWhat is the stability of transmission the energy source to generator?Significance of this projectBase on the research from literature review and problem statement, and from the objective of research are research out the importance of the project. Significance of this project is able to minimizing the natural resource amount uses, avoiding the vitiated of natural resource. Through the renewable resource also can cause environment be green reduce the polluted. According the earth hour ecesis, this organization will organize an occasion to encourage people switch light for 1 hour, if this research project has been produce , its may helping people apply the knowledge of important natural resource. This project also will cause the environmental more beautiful and clean. The urban will looks more elegant and fashion. The last reason is decreasing the carbon emission in earth atmosphere due to the global warming.DeliverablesExpected resultBased on the research, this research study has founded some relevant of research information from others researcher. Basically, according these few recent years, many of researchers are making study research on the renewable energy. renewable energy is be valued by all researcher. Because the renewable energy resource having plenty of advantages and benefits. For example, is able minimizing the polluted of environmental, replacing the natural resources, due to global warming are getting more serious, renewable energy are able to minimizing the side affect on this.A micro wind turbine generator street lamp is a creative and invention design. According to the market, already available the solar panel street lamp, but the solar is only available for collect the energy from the sunlight. Mean during the midnight, the solar panel cant be collecting the energy. This is the disadvantage of the solar panel. On the other hand, a wind turbine street lamp hav ing an advantages is the air flowing is available for anytime, no need to wait on day only able to function.Expectation of the result is this project is more organization want to supporting this project. Through the organization and media, spread the detail information to worldwide. And also governments are willing to plan to installment the wind turbine generator street lamp in their own city.Others expected result, have others researcher interesting this research project. And these researcher reinforcement more creativity idea and more advance idea for replacing.Timescales depict 1 Gantt chartFrom figure 1 is shown the Gantt chart for whole final year project timescales. The total period is for 9months.W1 = week 1W2 = week 2W3 = week 3W4 = week 4ReferencesAbreau, L.V.L and Shahidehpour, M, 2006, wind energy and power system inertia in power engineering order general meeting, 16 October 2006, IEEE.org, pp 1-6Biwen Zhang and Yingjin Zhang, 2010, plan for the wind power device to ma ke the best of earth wind energy In future power and energy system engineering, 2010 global conference, china 26-27 June 2010,IEEE.org, pp7-10Bilinton, R and Guang Bai, 2004, generating capacity adequacy associated with wind energy in energy conversion, Canada September 2004, IEEE.org, pp 641-646Fang Lin Luo, 2010, Design of wind turbine energy system in IPEC,2010 conference proceedings, Singapore 27-29 October 2010, IEEE.org, pp110-116Hu,P, karki,R and bilinton, R, 2009, reliability evaluation of generating systems containing wind power and energy storage in generation, transmission distribution, IET, Canada August 2009, IEEE.org, pp783-792Lerch, E, 2007, storage of fluctuating wind energy in power electronics and applications, 2007 European conference, Europe 2-5 September 2007, IEEE.org,pp1-8Ming-Shun Lu, Chung-Liang Chang, Wei-Jen Lee and Li Wang, 2008, combining the wind power generating system with energy storage equipment in industry applications society annual Meeting, 200 8 IAS08 IEEE, Taiwan 5-9 October 2008 , IEEE.org, pp 1-6Musgrove,P.J, 1983, wind energy conversion an introduction in

Islamic Education After Independence Education Essay

Moslem Education After Independence Education EssayInitially, Moslem statement was taught after(prenominal) instill hours. Starting from 1962, the Moslem sacred subject was implemented and officially include in the develop magazine table where it was taught for 120 minutes (2 hours) per week by the teachers approved by the state of matter authority.(Education Ordinance 1957).Rosnani (1996) is of the opinion that although these recommendations were positive, in the smack that they gave importance to sacred instruction in depicted object and internal-type schools, they affected all Islamic spectral adversely i.e a decline in pupil inscription because Malay pargonnts saw umpteen advantages in the farmingal schools, firstly their children could learn religion whether in national and national-type English schools. Second, greater opportunities to gain ground studies and, greater business opportunities that awaited graduates of national schools compared to ghostlike sc hools.The decline in enrolment was due also to the automatic promotion until figure out Three, the abolition of the Malayan Secondary inform Entrance Examination and the composition of national junior-grade schools.The second major consequence was the transformation of the the Madrasahs political platform in accordance with the bailiwick Educational polity where the Malay language replaced Arabic as the medium of language and the ghostlike subject had to be reduced to accomodate newfangled secular subjects i.e Malay language, English, Mathematics, Geography, History and world(a) Science. The third major impact of the National Education Policy was the shortage of teachers in the Madrasah because qualified teachers left wing for better facilities and better pay offered by National schools. Madrasahs institutions also had acute financial problems and had to be rescued by state spiritual department. Rosnani, (1996) further claimed that these factors, in addition to changing societal value brought about the decline of Madrasah and near demise of pondok in 1960s.Paradigm shifta) The integrate broadcast for master(a) give instruction (ICPS) and The New Secondary School Integrated curriculum (NSSIC)It was a fact that the 70s witnessed the increase of Islamic conciousness among the Islamic throughout the Muslim valet de chambre including Malaysia which afterward contributed to commandmental reform. A few Islamic organizations such as ABIM, Al Arqam and Jamaat Tabligh were also formed during the 70s where their dynamic activities help to strengthen Islam in Malaysia. According to Ghazali (2000), in that location are many factors contributing to the Malayan developmental reform. Apart from the implementation of suggestions and report made in 1979, the changes in the political climate where people were more(prenominal) inclined to Islam should be considered. The influence of the Islamic movement in Iran gave a significant impact among the Muslims in Malaysia to support the Islamic party (PAS).Then, the brass activity chthonian the leadership of Tun Dr. Mahathir officially introduced Islamization policy in 1983. Consequently The Islamic institutions, the International Islamic University (IIUM) and the Islamic Banking were established. The philosophy of the University was inspired by the recommendations of the first World suitableing on Muslim Education held in Mecca in 1977. According to this philosophy, intimacy shall be propagated in the spirit of Tawhid leading towards the recognition of Allah as the Absolute power and Master of mankind. Thus all disciplines of fellowship should lead towards subservience of this truth. K instanterledge is a form of trust(amanah) from Allah to man, and hence man should utilize cognition according to Allahs volition in performing his role as the servant and vicegerent (khalifah) of Allah on earth. In this way the seeking of companionship is regarded as an act of worship (Diary IIUM, 2005) afterwards in 1982, The Ministry of Education, introduced The New Primary School Curriculum (NPSC). It was implemented nation astray in 1983. The NPSC was formulated to provide equal opportunity to school-age childs to acquire basic skills and whapledge in addition to inculcating noble example values. The speech pattern of this new curriculum is on the acquisition of the three basic skills,namely reading, create verbally and mathematics. With a renewed emphasis on integration, it was decided in 1993 that a change of name take place. The New Primary School Curriculum (NPSC) is now known as The Integrated Curriculum for Primary School (ICPS)(Curriculum suppuration Centre 1997).The New Secondary School Integrated curriculum (NSSIC) or incorporate Curriculum for Secondary Schools (KBSM) which was channelise by the recommendation of the first World Conference on Muslim Education 1977, in Makkah was introduced in 1988 for lower secondary level and in 1989 the curriculum was implemented in phase up to form five level. (Hasan.L, 1993). The of import focus of the curriculum is on an integrated cultivational approach. The approach incorporated knowledge with skills and moral values. It also combine opening with practical training. The strategy is to incorporate Moral Values into curriculum and the Malay language with curriculum (Curriculum Development Centre,1997).b) The National Educational Philosophy (NEP)The Education influence 1961 has determined Malaysias education policies for over three decades until it was repealed in 1996. The Education Act 1996 is the latest and is the approximately comprehensive where it say for the first time in writing the National Educational Philosophy (Under Act 550). The official statement of NEP states as follows Education in Malaysia is an on-going effort towards further developing the potential of individuals in holistic and integrated manner so as to produce individuals who are intellectually, spiritually, emoti onally and physically balanced and harmonious, based on thefirm belief in and devotion to God. Such an effort is designed to produce Malaysian citizens who are knowledgeable and fightnt, who possess spirited moral standards, and who are resilient and capable of achieving a high-pitched level of personal well-being as well as being able to contribute to the betterment of the family, partnership and the nation at large.Langgulung, H (1993) verbalise that based on this NEP, the planning of KBSM is meant to help students to develop their intellectual, spiritual, emotional as well as physical potentials in comprehensive and integrated manner. It is hoped that the comprehensive and integrated development could create student who is able to adjust himself in society and contribute to the progress and the welfare of himself in order to function effectively and productively in the national development.sou-east Asian Education particularly Islamic Religious Education in Indonesia and M alaysiaThe Indonesian ExperiencesAfter the downfall of Ottoman Empire the entire Muslim countries were completely dominated by Western Colonial countries, particularly British, French, Spanish, Dutch and so forth. Southeast Asian countries were ruled by the British and the Dutch. The British ruled Malaya and North Borneo, whilst the Dutch ruled Indonesia.Dutch rule in Indonesia lasted for over three cardinal years who utilize iron claws to sup fight down private schools that sought to establish carders to fight colonialists.The establishment of Sekolah Tinggi IslamJapan occupied Indonesia for three years, during which Dutch schools were totally close down and replaced by Japanese curriculum including language of instruction. Indonesian fighters for Indonesian independence suggested that since all tertiary level of education were closed by Japanese, it is high time that Islamic higher institution of learning (Sekolah Tinggi Islam = STI) be established. The idea was suggested by Ma jlis Shura Muslimin Indonesia (Masyumi) along with the establishment of armed forces called Hizbullah (Gods Party). The prominent personalities leading the school are 1. Dr. Mohammad Hatta (Vice President) as chairman2. Mr. Soewandi (Civil servant) as deputy chairman3. Mohammad Natsir (later on became the first Prime Minister of Indonesia after independence) as secretary4. Several different members of society such as Prof. R.A.A Hoesein Djajadingrat, Dr.Hidayat, Dr. Soekiman and many others were acting as members of executives.The Sekolah Tinggi Islam started with four faculties i.e Law, Religion, Economics and Education. After independence, Religious faculty was sponsored by Ministry of religious affairs and became brass Institute religious of knowledge (Institute Agama Islam Negeri = IAIN) whose curriculum were planned by people graduated from Al Azhar. It is logical that the curriculum of IAIN in early geezerhood of its establishment was carbon copy of faculties in Al Azhar b efore the latest reforms in 1961. The institute originally has three faculties like in Al Azhar, i.e Usuludin, sharia law and Arabic language, later they added faculty of tarbiyyah (education)Organization like the Muhammadiyah during the Dutch rule even set schools using Dutch as a medium of instruction to compete with the schools established by the Dutch. Other organization such as Nahdatul Ulama (NU), Persatuan Islam(Persis) and Al -Irsyad continued to maintain Pesantren (religious training centre for Advanced Islamic Studies), Madrasah (Islamic schools) and pondok(Muslim boarding schools) which they had been managing, so much so that bumiputera (the son of the soil) children need not have to go to Dutch government schools for their education.In the early mid-fifties the government tried to set up schools for the training of religious teachers (Sekolah Pendidikan Guru Agama-PGA) by putting some of the exising Madrasah under the management of religious affairs. The objectives was t o train religious teachers in government schools where religious knowledge was also taught. This was followed by the setting up of Sekolah Guru Hakim Agama (SGHA) to cater to the needs of the Muslim jurists both in Shariah and the State courts. The Muslim organizations and Muslim community alike were quite disappointed with the scope offered by both the PGA and SGHA.Muslim organizations such as Muhammadiyah continued to be self reliant in the management of their schools. All they needed to do was to comply with the government regulations and accredited requirements. Pesantren too began to mushroom since the fifties. A press statement issued by the Ministry of Religious Affairs in the later part of the seventies put the figure at 20,000 Pesantren with 9 one million million students. It is estimated that current figures have far exceeded these numbers in view of the 40% increasing of Indonesian population from 150 million in the seventies to a 220 million currently.Rapid Developmen t of Islamic schoolsAmong the factors that contributed to the rapid development of Islamic schools lately were1. The government inability to cater to the educational needs of all children. The problem thence was partly resolved by the existence of private schools.2. Dissatisfaction with the scope offered by the PGA and the SGHA in the fifties.The government, however, has been trying to improve the situation byi) Accepting the standard of madrasah so that they would be at par with public schools.ii) Uplifting students of madrasah for admission into equivalent public schools at primary, lower secondary and upper secondary levels.iii) Recognizing the private madrasah certificate as equivalent to the state (government) madrasah certificate to enable leavers of private madrasah to continue with their studies in equivalent government schoolsiv) The influence of the Islamic revivalist phenomenon world wide, particularly the international Conferences of Muslim Education first held in Makk ah 1977, Second in Islamabad 1980, Third in Dakka (Bangladesh), 1981, Fourth in Jakarta 1982, the Fifth in Cairo 1987 and Sixth in Makkah 1993 and the Seventh in South Africa 1996.The conferences had deliberated on this religious education from master(a) to tertiary level and produced guidelines for the implementation. How far Muslim countries, particularly in Southeast Asia, have responded to these guidelines and implement them in their curriculum is yet to be seen. The International Conferences of Muslim Education mentioned above should be a stepping stone toward the unified religious curricular reforms in Muslim countries for the years to come.The Malaysian ExperiencesThe history of Islamic religious education in Malaysia before independenceThe history of Islamic education in Malaysia dated back as early as 13th nose candy when Islam first came to this region (Abdul Halim, 1995). Islamic education can be divided into four stages i. Centered more or less teachers housesii. Cent ered around mosques, suraus and madrasahsiii. Centered around religious institutions called pondok. (literally , Hut school)iv. Centered around religious institutions called madrasah schoolsi. Centered around teachers housesAt the early stage it was carried out in a very intimate way suitable to the environment of that time which it centered around teachers homes (rumah-rumah guru). Students came to the teachers (normally known as Ulama) homes to learn reading Quran and fardhu Ain (basic Islamic teaching).ii. Centered around mosques, suraus and madrasahsDue to the increasing number of students flocking to the teachers homes where the later could not accommodate all of them, then came the idea of religious education to be centered around mosques, suraus and madrasahs. The teachers used to sit with their students in circles. These teachers were easily received by the society even sometimes they were called to palaces to teach the king of the state and their relatives.iii. Centered ar ound religious institutions called pondokSubsequently it centered around religious institutions called pondok. (literally, it means hut school) Pondoks are traditional religious schools which dominated the Malay world education system in the before part of 14th century. i.e pre colonial and even during colonial period. The pondok institution was the first and most influential legacy in Islamic education in both Malaysia and Indonesia (called Pesantran).The management of these pondoks differs from place/center to another place/center and there was no standard set of syllabus. However, the mode of instruction was similar to that practised in Makkah and Cairo before the advent of modern methods of teaching. Rosnani (1996) mentioned that many scholars have discussed the origin of Pondok institution in Malaysia, whether it originated from Sumatera, Indonesia or Pattani, in Southern Thailand. However, she argued that one cannot dismiss the possible action that the pondok institution was an influence of Makkah education of that era because the content and the teaching methods in pondok institutions were comparable to those in the Al Haram Mosque in Makkah and many pondok teachers had taken the pilgrimage to Makkah and deepened their knowledge of Islam. Some of the famous ulama (Tok guru) in the middle of 19th century were Tok Selehor, Tok Kenali, Tok Kemuning, Tok Ku Pulau Manis, etc.Although there was no standardised content and no limitation in the years of involve. The pondok curriculum shared some common features of the subject. All pondoks usually include the basic disciplines such as Tauhid, Al-Quran, Fiqh, Hadith, Nahu, Sarf, Tasawwuf and Akhlaq. After years of study and considered as alim or knowledgeable by their guru these students will come back to their respective villages to teach and some may go abroad to further their study to Makkah, Cairo, Pakistan or India.. When these students went to Al Azhar University and other Middle East countries they wer e taught and trained with the curriculum of that particular place of study and easily got influenced by it. Thus, when they returned to their home countries they usually joined the animated pondok or established a new one. They would planned and implemented either totally or partially the curriculum they had went through in their early days as students. Thus, it was not a surprise to find out that many pondoks or madrasahs curriculum were the carbon -copy of Al- Azhar and other Middle East countries. This situation continues until now since the academic results or certificate given by these pondoks and madrasahs are not generally accepted by mainstream universities, many of these students have to continue their education in locations such as Pakistan, Egypt and other Middle East countries.iv. Centered around religious institutions called madrasah schoolsAt the end of 19th century especially after World War 1, with the influence of Islah movement led by reformists Sayyid Jamaluddin Al Afghani (1839-1879) and Muhammad Abduh, (1849-1905), many religious madrasah schools were established in many places in Malaysia as alternative to pondok school and also to compete with the secular school. The Malaysian reformists ideas came from Sheikh Tahir Jalaludin and Shiekh Ahmad Al Hadi who were very much influenced by Al-Afghani and Abduh (Al Attas,1972). With these Madrasah system, Islamic education not only focus on spiritual, fardu Ain and Tauhid but it became more comprehensive, it include other subjects in the curriculum such as Arabic language, math and Geograph.Islamic Education during the British PeriodJapan conquered Malaysia (1941-45) and was defeated to the British. The British then made few educational reformations starting with Barnes Report and Fern Wu Report. Briefly, the Barnes Report utter the wish of religious instruction in schools had led Malay parents sent their children to learn religion in the afternoon sessions which were very tiresome. The comm ittee suggested jawi be omitted and religious instruction be taught instead. Barnes Report also suggested only one system of primary education (national primary school) to be held. Fenn Wu Report suggested and supported trilingual where Malay, Chinese and English languages should be encouraged to be the medium of instruction. As a compromise, the government passed the Education Ordinance 1952, where the promotion of national school system by gradual introduction of English into Malay Vernacular schools and Malay and English languages into Chinese and Tamil Vernacular school and also recommended the maintenance of English national type school. Interestingly, it also recommended that religious education be provided to pupils either within school premises or in suitable premises close by as part of the school lessons ( Hussein Onn,1957).During the British period education was divided into religious and non religious education. Here has the beginning of the secular education in Malaysia . Secular schools in Malaysia were largely an innovation of British colonial government. Many of the earliest schools in Malaysia were started in the Straits Settlements of Penang, Melaka, and Singapore. The oldest school in Malaysia is the Penang Free school, founded in 1816, followed by Malacca Free School later changed to Malacca High school in 1978. While the Malay College Kuala Kangsar (MCKK) was established in 1905 based on English Public School. Many of these schools still carry with them an air of prestige although there is no formal difference between these schools and other schools.Islamic education after independence and the impact of National Educational PolicyFormal educational policies came into place after Malayas independence in 1957. The task of the new government was to establish a national education system which, while making the Malay as the national language of the country, the languages and cultures of non- Malay communities are preserved and sustained. The mos t important development was the implementation of The Education Act 1961 where The Razak Report and the Rahman Talib Report became the basis for the formulation of this Act. The main features of the Razak Report are a uniform national education and centralized examination system, A Malayan oriented curriculum, one type of national Secondary school, English and Malay language compulsory and Bahasa Melayu as the main medium of instruction. While the main features Rahman Talib Report are Free primary and universal education, automatic promotion to Form 3, Establishment of schools Inspectorate, Bahasa Malaysia as the main medium of instruction, Religious/moral education as basis for spiritual development, emphasis on teacher education .In addition, the implementation of Islamic education in National Educationtal System was also based on the reports made during Razak Report (1956) and Rahman Talib Report (1960) where it is clearly stated that in any assisted school where not less than 15 pupils profess the Muslim religion, religious instruction to them shall be provided at public expense. Instruction in other religions to other pupils may be provided so long as no additional cost falls upon public funds and provided that no child shall be required to insure classes in religious instructions without the parents consent Initially, Islamic education was taught after school hours. Starting from 1962, the Islamic religious subject was implemented and officially included in the school time table where it was taught for 120 minutes (2 hours) per week by the teachers approved by the state authority.(Education Ordinance 1957).Rosnani (1996) is of the opinion that although these recommendations were positive, in the sense that they gave importance to religious instruction in national and national-type schools, they affected all Islamic religious adversely i.e a decline in pupil enrolment because Malay parents saw many advantages in the national schools, firstly their chi ldren could learn religion whether in national and national-type English schools. Second, greater opportunities to further studies and, greater job opportunities that awaited graduates of national schools compared to religious schools.The decline in enrolment was due also to the automatic promotion until Form Three, the abolition of the Malayan Secondary School Entrance Examination and the establishment of national secondary schools.The second major consequence was the transformation of the the Madrasahs curriculum in accordance with the National Educational Policy where the Malay language replaced Arabic as the medium of language and the religious subject had to be reduced to accomodate new secular subjects i.e Malay language, English, Mathematics, Geography, History and general Science. The third major impact of the National Education Policy was the shortage of teachers in the Madrasah because qualified teachers left for better facilities and better pay offered by National schools . Madrasahs institutions also had acute financial problems and had to be rescued by state religious department. Rosnani, (1996) further claimed that these factors, in addition to changing societal values brought about the decline of Madrasah and near demise of pondok in 1960s.Paradigm shifta) The Integrated Curriculum for Primary School (ICPS) and The New Secondary School Integrated curriculum (NSSIC)It was a fact that the 70s witnessed the increase of Islamic conciousness among the Muslim throughout the Muslim World including Malaysia which subsequently contributed to educational reform. A few Islamic organizations such as ABIM, Al Arqam and Jamaat Tabligh were also formed during the 70s where their dynamic activities help to strengthen Islam in Malaysia. According to Ghazali (2000), there are many factors contributing to the Malaysian educational reform. Apart from the implementation of suggestions and report made in 1979, the changes in the political climate where people were mor e inclined to Islam should be considered. The influence of the Islamic movement in Iran gave a significant impact among the Muslims in Malaysia to support the Islamic party (PAS).Then, the government under the leadership of Tun Dr. Mahathir officially introduced Islamization policy in 1983. Consequently The Islamic institutions, the International Islamic University (IIUM) and the Islamic Banking were established. The philosophy of the University was inspired by the recommendations of the first World Conference on Muslim Education held in Mecca in 1977. According to this philosophy, knowledge shall be propagated in the spirit of Tawhid leading towards the recognition of Allah as the Absolute Creator and Master of mankind. Thus all disciplines of knowledge should lead towards subservience of this truth. Knowledge is a form of trust(amanah) from Allah to man, and hence man should utilize knowledge according to Allahs will in performing his role as the servant and vicegerent (khalifah) of Allah on earth. In this way the seeking of knowledge is regarded as an act of worship (Diary IIUM, 2005)Subsequently in 1982, The Ministry of Education, introduced The New Primary School Curriculum (NPSC). It was implemented nation wide in 1983. The NPSC was formulated to provide equal opportunity to students to acquire basic skills and knowledge in addition to inculcating noble moral values. The emphasis of this new curriculum is on the acquisition of the three basic skills,namely reading, writing and mathematics. With a renewed emphasis on integration, it was decided in 1993 that a change of name take place. The New Primary School Curriculum (NPSC) is now known as The Integrated Curriculum for Primary School (ICPS)(Curriculum Development Centre 1997).The New Secondary School Integrated curriculum (NSSIC) or integrated Curriculum for Secondary Schools (KBSM) which was guided by the recommendation of the first World Conference on Muslim Education 1977, in Makkah was introduced in 1988 for lower secondary level and in 1989 the curriculum was implemented in phase up to form five level. (Hasan.L, 1993). The main focus of the curriculum is on an integrated educational approach. The approach incorporated knowledge with skills and moral values. It also combine theory with practical training. The strategy is to incorporate Moral Values into curriculum and the Malay language with curriculum (Curriculum Development Centre,1997).b) The National Educational Philosophy (NEP)The Education Act 1961 has determined Malaysias education policies for over three decades until it was repealed in 1996. The Education Act 1996 is the latest and is the most comprehensive where it stated for the first time in writing the National Educational Philosophy (Under Act 550). The official statement of NEP states as follows Education in Malaysia is an on-going effort towards further developing the potential of individuals in holistic and integrated manner so as to produce individuals who ar e intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically balanced and harmonious, based on thefirm belief in and devotion to God. Such an effort is designed to produce Malaysian citizens who are knowledgeable and competent, who possess high moral standards, and who are resilient and capable of achieving a high level of personal well-being as well as being able to contribute to the betterment of the family, society and the nation at large.Langgulung, H (1993) stated that based on this NEP, the planning of KBSM is meant to help students to develop their intellectual, spiritual, emotional as well as physical potentials in comprehensive and integrated manner. It is hoped that the comprehensive and integrated development could create student who is able to adjust himself in society and contribute to the progress and the welfare of himself in order to function effectively and productively in the national development.The Islamic educational challenge faced by Malaysia since Sept 11To ensu re that the Malaysian education system responds properly to the nation building, unity and the development of the country there were many curricula reviews and tremendous changes in Malaysia education since its independence in 1957. It is a well-known fact that the Muslim education system in the Muslim world including Indonesia and Malaysia is the extension of the Western educational system which is compartmentalised and secularized. As a consequence of the Western influence and the weaknesses of the Muslims, the religious curriculum in schools and university levels in both Malaysia and Indonesia are still compartmentalised. Rosnani ( 2004 2nd edition) claimed that the curriculum practiced in Muslim countries either borrowed wholesome or partially from the West and even the subjects and methodologies presently taught in the countries are copies of the Western. Here, it is important to note the statement made by Tan Sri Murad, the President of the social committee for the study of cu rriculum in national schools that the implementation of religious education at National Schools have a lot of weaknesses because there are still many students cant read Al Quran and write Jawi although they had attended six years of primary schools. (Berita Harian , 26/Feb/2003).Although there were many surveys and writings carried out for examples by Rosnani (1996), Sahari Langgulung (1999) and Abdul Hamid (2003) found several weaknesses of Islamic religious schools such as its curriculum, lack of facilities and financial and poor administration. However, one has to remember that SAR has contributed significantly to Islamic education in both Malaysia and Indonesia before their independence. Despite the weaknesses of Islamic religious schools, informal conversations and interviews with some Muslim parents revealed that they were still interested to enroll their children at this school due to a variety of reasonsi) With the high cost of living, many Muslim parents are both working f ull time thus they have very limited time to teach their own children and expect the schools to act on their behalfii) Some of these Muslim parents are interested to teach their own children,unfortunately they themselves do not know how to read the Al- Quran and either have no or very limited knowledge regarding fardu Ainiii) Some parents also opt to send their children for religious classes after school hours or Sunday schools at the mosques because they feel that religious subject at the national school is not adequate or failed to meet their expectationiv) Many muslim parents are aware and worried about the moral decadence (social ills) in the society especially among the youth keep on increasing such as drug addicts, illegitimate child , bullying, gangsterism and etc.Thus it was not a surprise to learn that Peoples Religious Schools (SAR) in Malaysia mushroomed because parents were concern about their children Islamic knowledge while the national school curriculum seemed inadeq uate. According to a daily newspaper, there were 500 SARs nation wide with 126,000 students receiving Islamic education in such institutions (NST, 22 Jan 2003).People Islamic religious schools (SAR) are schools mostly built, funded and owned by individuals or a assort of people offering full time students Islamic religious education. These schools also use the curriculum which has been standardized by State religious department or Department for the advancement of Islam in Malaysia (JAKIM).These religious shools received the grant given by the government i.e RM 60 per year for a primary school student and RM120 for a secondary school student. However, in November 2002, the Malaysian government has stopped their state subsidy to SAR. The government gave two reasons for i.e that SAR lack of facilities which resulted students poor achievement and lack of trained teachers and thus urged parents to send their children to national schools (NST 9/10 Dec,2002).Rosnani (2004 2nd edition) ra ised a few important questions rega

Research into Phonological Mean Length of Utterance (pMLU)

Research into phonologic Mean space of Utterance (pMLU)Specific delivery outrage (SLI) is a disorder defined by exclusion. Children with SLI possess expression difficulties in the absence of other factors, such as hearing loss, psychogenic impairment, physical impairment, emotional disturbance, or environmental deprivation (Bishop, 1992a, 1992b Lubert, 1981). Children with SLI have problem acquiring one or more of the components of lyric, i.e. form (phonemics, morphology, and syntax), content (semantics), and use (pragmatics). The sketch of phonological learnedness has made extensive efforts to criterion its phylogeny by means of normative studies (Templin, 1957 Olmstead, 1971) and articulation tests (Hodsen Paden, 1991). Earlier, the research focus was on classifyness of consonants as well as the analysis of segments in general. Recently the self-colored discourse complexity has been stressed (Masterson Kamhi, 1992, Ingram, 2002). One such broadsheet is the Phono logical mean length of utterance (pMLU). It is a whole word measure for measuring phonological technique (Ingram,2002). It measures the length of a childs address and the come of correct consonants. The pMLU for a speech sample is calculated by (1) counting the number of segments (consonants and vowels) in each word as produced by the child (2) counting the number of consonants produced in each word that the child produced accurately (3) summing these two numbers (4) fiting these sums and (5) dividing this total by the total number of words in the sample. pMLU quantifies phylogeny of phonology and focuses on the childrens whole-word productions instead of limited segments. Ingram demonstrates the value of the pMLU measure by applying it wide range of contexts.NEED FOR THE paperAlthough pMLU has been addressed in normal as well as phonological disorders and cochlear enter children, the same is not focussed on children with SLI. Since PMLU is a whole word measure, problems in p honology and morphosyntax are expected to subject the score. wherefore PMLU can be used to investigate the difficulties if any in phonology and morphosyntax of children with SLI. Hence the puzzle study was planned.AIM OF THE STUDY To compare the pMLU of children with SLI in comparison with typically developing Kannada oral presentation children.METHOD This study followed a case view as design. Participants were divided into 2 groups. clinical group comprised of six individuals (5 males 1 female) with SLI in the age range of 4 to 6 years. The diagnosis of SLI was done on the soil of Leonards exclusionary criteria and the informal assessment of morpho-syntax by the primary investigator. The control group comprised of age matched 30 children turn out of which 15 were males and 15 females. Exclusion criteria considered were speech, language, hearing and neurological problems. A minimum of 50 spontaneous speech utterances were elicited from each child for a length of 30 to 40 min utes which was audio recorded utilise SONY recorder.The childrens utterances were narrow tinned and pMLU was calculated for each word produced by the child. The sum of each word in all the utterances were totalled and divided by the number of words produced by the child to obtain the pMLU scores. pMLU was calculated for all the children in twain the groups. Mann Whitney U test was administered to draw out the significant differences between the means of both the groups.RESULTS The results of the Mann Whitney U Test revealed a statistically significant difference between the means of pMLU scores crossways the group at pDISCUSSION pMLU is a whole-word measure for phonological development. The results of the present study revealed that the pMLU scores for the children with SLI were move in comparison to children with normal language development. This could be attributed to the increase number of incorrect consonants in the speech of clinical group when compared to the control gro up.The decrease in pMLU scores in the clinical group could also be out-of-pocket to the deficit in the use of morphosyntax as these children were having morphosyntactic errors. This in turn suggests that children with SLI are inferior in the eruditeness of segments and in their whole-word phonological proficiency to typically developing children. As this pMLU measure includes the number of segments in a word, pMLU can be used to indicate morphosyntactic abnormalities in children with SLI. This asshole can also serve as an aid for supervise the progress of a child when assessed pre and post therapeutically.CONCLUSION The present study investigated pMLU in children with SLI in the age range of 4-6 years. The results revealed that children with SLI are inferior in the acquisition of segments including morphemes as well as in their whole-word phonological proficiency than the typically developing children. Hence, pMLU measure could be regarded as a yardstick for phonological and mor phosyntactic development in children with SLI.INTRODUCTIONSLI is a disorder defined by exclusion. Children with SLI exhibit language difficulties in the absence of other factors, such as hearing loss, mental impairment, physical impairment, emotional disturbance, or environmental deprivation (Bishop, 1992a, 1992b Lubert, 1981). Specific language impairment (SLI) has been estimated to affect approximately 7 percent of children (Leonard, 1998 Tomblin et al., 1997) and to persist into adolescence (Aram et al., 1984 Beitchman et al., 1996 Stothard et al., 1998Johnson et al., 1999). Children with SLI have difficulty acquiring one or more of the components of language, i.e. form (phonology, morphology, and syntax), content (semantics), and use (pragmatics).However, as a group they show disproportionate difficulty with some areas, acting worse than typically developing children matched on vocabulary level or mean length of utterance. Several authors (eg, Leonard et al.,1992 Rice et al., 1 995 Rice and Wexler, 1996 Oetting and Horohov, 1997 van der Lely and Ullman, 2001) observe that this is especially the case in the area of verb morphology and it has also been reported in some areas of syntax, including the comprehension of passive sentences (Bishop, 1979 van der Lely and Harris, 1990 van der Lely, 1996) and formation of wh-questions (Leonard 1995 van der Lely and Battell, 2003).The field of phonological acquisition has made extensive efforts to measure its development through normative studies (Templin, 1957 Olmstead, 1971) and articulation tests (Hodsen Paden, 1991). Earlier studies have focused on correctness of consonants as well as the analysis of segments in general. Recent studies have focused on the whole word complexity (Masterson Kamhi, 1992, Ingram, 2002). One such measure is the Phonological mean length of utterance (PMLU). It is a whole word measure for measuring phonological proficiency (Ingram, 2002). It measures the length of a childs words and the number of correct consonants. The PMLU for a speech sample is calculated by (1) counting the number of segments (consonants and vowels) in each word as produced by the child (2) counting the number of consonants produced in each word that the child produced accurately (3) summing these two numbers (4) totaling these sums and (5) dividing this total by the total number of words in the sample. PMLU quantifies development of phonology and focuses on the childrens whole-word productions instead of specific segments. Ingram demonstrates the value of the PMLU measure by applying it in a wide range of contexts. These include a comparison of monolingual children, a comparison across languages, and the diagnosis of impairment or delay. Very few studies have addressed the PMLU in different languages. One such study is by Ingram (2002) who proposed preliminary PMLU stages, reflecting the possible level of development in English speaking children which are as follows.Helin, Makkonen Kunnari (2 006) reported that PMLU was much higher in Finnish speaking children than those reported for children acquiring English. Balasubramanium bhat (2009) reported the same in kannada speaking typically developing children. Other studies have focused PMLU on the disordered population. Schauwers, Taelman, Gillis Govierts (2005) reported lower PMLU scores in children with cochlear implant than age matched typically developing peers and they also concluded that the earlier implanted children were more proficient than the later implanted children. Prasad, Hossabetu, Balasubramanium Bhat (2010) studied phonological mean length of utterance in children with phonological disorder and they reported, children with phonological disorder are inferior in the acquisition of segments as well as in their whole-word phonological proficiency than the typically developing children.NEED FOR THE STUDYAlthough pMLU has been addressed in normal as well as phonological disorders and cochlear implanted childr en, the same is not focussed on children with SLI. Since PMLU is a whole word measure, problems in phonology and morphosyntax are expected to reduce the score. Hence PMLU was used to investigate the difficulties if any in phonology and morphosyntax of children with SLI. Hence the present study was attempted in this direction.AIM OF THE STUDY To compare the pMLU of children with SLI in comparison with typically developing Kannada speaking children.METHODParticipantsThe study followed a case control design. Participants were divided into 2 groups i-e the control group and clinical group. Clinical group comprised of six individuals (5 males 1female) with specific language impairment in the age range of 3 to 6 years. The control group comprised of age matched 30 children out of which 15 were males and 15 females. The diagnosis of specific language impairment was done on the basis of Leonards exclusionary criteria and the informal assessment of morpho-syntax by the primary investigator. The exclusion criteria for the controls were the account statement of speech, language, neurological and hearing problems.ProcedureIn order to assess the phonological mean length of utterance, spontaneous speech utterances were elicited from each child for duration of 30 to 40 minutes. Samples consisted of minimum of 50 utterances. The experimenter served as a conversational partner and introduced the child to age appropriate toys and questions. The samples were obtained in an informal setting at heart the rail premises for the control group and in the therapy premises for the clinical group. Audio recording was done using a portable Sony Recorder in a relatively quiet environment. The words were accepted for analysis according to the rules suggested by Ingram and Ingram which are mentioned in the table mentioned in appendix. The childrens production of utterances was narrow transcribed and PMLU was calculated for each child. For each word, the number of segments (consonants and vowels) as produced by the child was counted and summed with the number of correct consonants in a word. The sum of each word in all the utterances of a single subject were totaled and divided by the number of words produced by the child to obtain the PMLU scores. Mann Whitney U test was administered to find out the significant differences between the means of both the groups.RESULTS The results of the Mann Whitney U Test revealed a statistically significant difference between the means of pMLU scores across the group at pGroup StatisticsDISCUSSIONpMLU is a whole-word measure for phonological development and is used to investigate the difficulties if any in phonology and morphosyntax. The present study compared the pMLU of children with SLI in comparison with typically developing Kannada speaking children. The results of the study revealed that the pMLU scores for the children with SLI were lower in comparison to children with normal language development. This could be attributed t o the increased number of incorrect consonants in the speech of clinical group when compared to the control group as these children were neutralizing the sound contrasts and also exhibiting syllable reduction strategies. Whether it is syllable structure reduction or sound contrast neutralization, it reduces the overall pMLU score. As children with SLI are inferior in the acquisition of segments as well as in their whole-word phonological proficiency than the typically developing children, phonological errors are reflected in the pMLU scores. Hence it can be concluded that pMLU reflects on the phonological errors.The results of the present study are in consonant rhyme with findings that the developments of phonology in children with SLI are much later in comparison to typically developing children (Balasbramanium Bhat, 2009) and also that children with phonological disorder are inferior in the acquisition of segments as well as in their whole-word phonological proficiency than the typically developing children (Prasad, Hossabetu, Balasubramanium Bhat 2010). Hence, pMLU can be used as an assessment tool for children with SLI as this provides an objective assessment tool in the evaluation process.The decrease in pMLU scores in the clinical group could also be due to the deficit in the use of morphosyntax as these children were having morphosyntactic errors. This in turn suggests that children with SLI are inferior in the acquisition of morphemic segments when compared to typically developing children. As this pMLU measure includes the number of segments in a word, pMLU can be used to indicate morphosyntactic abnormalities in children with SLI. This tool can also serve as an aid for monitor the progress of a child when assessed pre and post therapeutically.CONCLUSIONThe present study investigated pMLU in children with SLI in the age range of 4-6 years. The results revealed that children with SLI are inferior in the acquisition of segments including morphemes as well as in their whole-word phonological proficiency than the typically developing children. Hence, pMLU measure could be regarded as a yardstick for phonological and morphosyntactic development in children with SLI.REFERENCESAram, D. M., Ekelman, B. L., Nation, J. E. (1984). Preschoolers with language disorders 10 years later. diary of row and hearing Research, 27, 232-244.Beitchman, J., Wilson, B., Brownlie, E. B., Walters, H., Lancee, W. (1996). Long-term consistency in speech/language profiles I. Developmental and academic outcomes. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 804-817.Bowen, C. (1998). Developmental phonological disorders A practical guide for families and teachers. Melbourne The Australian Council for Educational Research Ltd.Bishop, D. V. M. (1979). Comprehension in developmental language disorders. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 21, 225-38.Bishop, D. V. M. (1992a). Comprehension problems in children with specific l anguage impairment Literal and inferential meaning. Journal of destination and Hearing Research, 35, 119-129.Helin, K., Makkonen, T., Kunnari, S. (2006). The Phonological mean length of utterance the methodological challenge from cross linguistic perspectives. Journal of Child linguistic communication, 33, 179-190.Hodson, B., Paden, E. (1991). Targetting Intelligible speech a phonological get down to remediation. Austin TX Pro-edition.Ingram, D. (2002). The measurement of whole-word productions. Journal of Child Language, 29, 713-733.Johnson, C. J., Beitchman, J. H., Young, A., Escobar, M., Atkinson, L., Wilson, B., Brownlie, E. B., Douglas, L., Tback, N., Lam, I., Wang, M. (1999). Fourteenyear follow-up of children with and without speech/language impairments Speech/language stability and outcomes. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 42, 744-760.Lakkanna, S., Venkatesh, K., Bhat, J. (2007). Assessment of language development. Mangalore Codeword processors.Leonard, L.B., mcgregor, K.K., Allen, G.D. (1992). Grammatical morphology and speechperception in children with specific language impairment. Journal of Speech and hearingresearch, 35, 1076-1085Leonard, L. B. 1995 Functional categories in the grammars of children with Specific language impairment, Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 38, 1270-83.Leonard, L. B. (1998). Children with specific language impairment. Cambridge, MA Bradford.Lubert, N. (1981). Auditory perceptual impairments in children with specific language disorders A review of the literature. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 46, 3-29.Masterson, J., Kamhi, A. (1992). Linguistic interrelationships in school age children with and without language disorders. Journal of speech and Hearing Research, 35, 64-75.Olmstead, D. (1971). Out of the mouth of babes. The Hague Mouton.Oetting, J., Horohov, J. (1997). Past tense marking in chldren with and without specific Language impairment. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 40, 62 -74.Polite, J ., and Leonard, B. (2006). Finite verb morphology and phonological length in the speech of children with specific language impairment. Clinical Linguistics Phonetics, 20, 751-760.Radish, B., Jayashree, S. (2009). Phonological Mean Length of Utterance (Pmlu) in Kannada-Speaking Children. Language in India, 9, 489-502.Rice, M.L., Wexler, K., Cleave, P.L. (1995). Specific language impairment as a period of extended optional infinitive. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 38, 850-863.Rice, M. Wexler, K. (1996). A phenotype of specific language impairment. In M. Rice (Ed.), Toward a genetics of language, pp. 215-238. Mahwah, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.Stothard, S. E., Snowling, M., Bishop, D. V. M., Chipchase, B. B., Kaplan, C. A. (1998). Language impaired preschoolers A follow-up into adolescence. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 41, 407-418.Templin, M. (1957). Certain language skills in children. Minneapolis, MN University of Minnesota pr ess.Taelman, H., Durieux, G., Gillis, S. (2005). Notes on Ingrams whole-word measures for phonological development. Journal of Child Language, 32, 391-405.Tomblin, J. B., Records, N. L., Buckwalter, P., Zhang, X., Smith, E., OBrien, M (1997). Prevalence of specific language impairment in kindergarten children. Journal of Speech Hearing Research, 40(6), 1245-1260.Van der Lely, H. K. J. Harris, M. 1990 Comprehension of reversible sentences in specifically language-impaired children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 55, 101-17.Van der Lely, H. K. J. 1996 Specifically language impaired and normally developing children Verbal passive vs adjectival passive sentence interpretation, Lingua, 98, 243-72.Van der lely, H. K. J. Ullman M. T. (2001) Past tense morphology in specifically language impaired and normally developing children. Language and Cognitive Processes, 16 177-217.Van der Lely, H. K. J. Battell, J. (2003) Wh-movement in childrenWith grammatical SLI a test of the RDD R hypothesis, Language 79,153-81.

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We are just an advanced breed of monkeys on a mirror planet of a in truth average star. But we can understand the universe. That makes us something very special-Stephen vendition. At the age of 21, Stephen huckster was diagnosed with Lou Gehrigs disease (ALS) which is a type of labor neuron disease that left him paralyzed. Hawking was given only a few years to live yet he powered through his disease. Hawking overcame this life threatening disability to become one of the most influential scientists of our modern day physics. Stephen Hawking has influenced physics by his incredible work and info explaining his revolutionary ideas evolving around black holes and their role in the universe. One of his influences to physics includes his work researching a certain type of radiation named after Hawking himself. Hawking radiation is the emission of particles of a black hole (Uehling). Hawking discovered that there are subatomic particles coming from the black hole which then releases a fo rm of radiation. Because of Hawkings discovery, we have learned more about how black holes can disappear. ...